Dichotomous table for gallers on Carum
(inc. Bunium)
by Hans Roskam
1a On parts above ground => 2
1b Roots with nodular swellings. C. carvi: Meloidogyne hapla
2a On inflorescences, flowers or fruits => 12
2b On vegetative parts => 3
3a Galls bulging, bearing aecia on surface => 11
3b Aecia absent, differently shaped => 4
4a Galls caused by animal inducers or by fungi, fruiting inside => 5
4b Basal leaves variously disfigured. Leaf blades ± arched, soon with expanded areas of grey-white asci. C. carvi: Taphridium umbelliferarum
5a Malformations extended over large parts of leaves => 9
5b Malformations of various expansions on leaf-axis or leaf veins, hardly 1 mm across, wart-shaped => 6
6a Swelling of axis, usually ± exceeding 2 mm => 8
6b Galls ± hemispherical, wart-shaped, usually on leaf underside, on midrib and stalk; sometimes coalesced into smaller ridges or crusts. Perennial spores only in a central strongly swollen nutritive cell surrounded by enlarged auxiliary cells => 7
7a Galls distinctly golden-yellow translucent. C. carvi: Synchytrium aureum
7b Warts very similar, glass clear, later on dark coloured, bead-like; also observed close to umbel. C. carvi: Physoderma hemisphaericum
8a Compact, glabrous, pale green, vitreous, spindle-shaped bulges, about 2–15 mm long on leaf veins and midrib, -stalk and young stem. Many spores close to vascular bundle. C. carvi: Protomyces macrosporus
8b Stalk and midrib ± severely stunted and spongy, swollen. Galls yellow-green, soft, wrinkled at surface, usually over large expansion at lower stem parts and basal leaves; sometimes also as localised bulge on leaf midrib as well as on stem. C. carvi, verticillatum: Ditylenchus dipsaci
9a Leaf blade curled, caused by aphids or cercopids => 10
9b Tip of leaf broadened, thickened, shortened and deflected or enlarged and lacerate; sometimes clustered bush-like due to stunting of midrib. C. carvi: Aceria carvi
10a Leaves converging downwards ± nest-like; curled and deep green close to the froth-covered nymph. Carum spp.: Philaenus spumarius
10b Leaves slightly curled and discoloured, often initially etiolated. Aphid pale green, with bifid cauda. C. carvi: Cavariella aegopodii
11a Leaf veins, -midrib, -stalk or also stem with bulges bearing yellowish spermogonia and aecia. Aecia pustule-shaped, with round exit hole. C. carvi: Puccinia bistortae
11b Only aecia formed, these cup-shaped, with frayed, whitish border. C. carvi: Puccinia polygoni-alpini
12a On inflorescences or flowers => 13
12b Fruit bladder-like swollen, often ± reddened, protruding above the umbel. Containing 1 (‒3) orange-red larvae. C. carvi, verticillatum: Kiefferia pericarpiicola
13a Malformations on expanded parts of umbel => 14
13b Stalks at centre or close to (partial) umbel ± swollen club-shaped or globular. Galls one-, also multi-chambered. Inner wall with mycelium. Each chamber contains a single larva. C. carvi, verticillatum: Lasioptera carophila
14a Inflorescence variously stunted and tangled, flowers stunted => 15
14b Inflorescence severely disfigured. Many parts of flowers leafy, corolla sometimes greened, also discoloured whitish-green or reddish. C. carvi: Aceria carvi
15a Stalks of young inflorescence variously stunted, also distorted. (Partial) umbels ± tangled. Flowers stunted and disfigured. Contain froth-covered nymph. Carum spp.: Philaenus spumarius
15b Similar malformations on young inflorescence caused by many aphids. C. carvi: Hyadaphis foeniculi