gallers on Chrysosplenium

1a Leaf blade with groove-like depressions, warts or flat pocks => 2

1b Small, rotund, often circularly arranged, pale brown sori on not- or sometimes weakly swollen, discoloured leaf spots. C. alternifolium, oppositifolium: Puccinia chrysosplenii

1c Leaves yellowish-green, larger than normal with longer petioles; often umbrella-like with downwardly turned margins. C. alternifolium, oppositifolium: Peronospora chrysosplenii

2a Leaf blade with groove-like depressions. C. alternifolium: Unidentified psyllid

2b Almost circular spots, 2–6 mm long, whitish, later on dirty yellow brown, especially visible on leaf underside, appearing exceptionally weakly thickened. Tissue contains spores, rarely tender conidia at surface. C. alternifolium, oppositifolium, tetrandrum: Entyloma chrysosplenii

2c Less than a mm wide, brown, semiglobular warts, mainly on the lower leaves. C. alternifolium, oppositifolium: Synchytrium chrysosplenii