Dichotomous table for gallers on Fagopyrum
by Hans Roskam
1a On parts above ground => 2
1b Nodular swellings on main-roots, occasionally on thicker side roots. F. esculentum, tataricum: Meloidogyne hapla
2a Malformations caused by animals => 3
2b Leaf blades with conspicuously arched, pale spots, covered on underside by a down of branched conidiophores. F. esculentum, tataricum: Peronospora ducometi
3a Malformation usually of several terminal leaves, caused by aphids or spittlebugs => 4
3b Complete plant stunted, often excessively branched. Single shoots shortened at base, thickened, ± curved. Axial parts of leaves swollen. Leaf blades partially variously thickened and disfigured. Galls ± wrinkled, necrotic. Containing many eelworms. F. esculentum, tataricum: Ditylenchus dipsaci
4a Black aphids. Leaves singly or on shoot tip with several bulges, margin ± deflected. F. esculentum: Aphis fabae subsp. solanella
4b Stunting, one-sided distortion and clustering of variously disfigured leaves by infestation of stem. Infected leaf blades deflected, curled and often intense green. F. esculentum, tataricum: Philaenus spumarius