Dichotomous table for gallers on Fumaria
by Hans Roskam
1a On parts above ground => 2
1b Roots with nodular swellings. F. vaillantii: Meloidogyne hapla
2a Malformations of organs at shoot tip, fruits => 4
2b Galls on base of stem => 3
3a Unilocular stem gall with a solitary weevil larva. F. officinalis, vaillantii: Sirocalodes quercicola and/or S. depressicollis
3b Petioles in most cases mainly stunted at base, thickened, ± pale green, spongy, swollen; containing the inducers inside. Fumaria spp.: Ditylenchus dipsaci
4a Malformations caused by animals => 5
4b Malformations caused by fungi, developing grey-violet down on the surface of the malformations. Fumaria spp.: Peronospora affinis
5a Malformations densely crowded with black aphids. Fumaria spp.: Aphis fabae
5b Malformations caused by froth-covered nymphs. Fumaria spp.: Philaenus spumarius
5c Larva solitary in a slightly enlarged, and partially reddish coloured fruit; hibernation as larva in the (usually fallen) gall. F. cf. agraria, officinalis:
Neaylax versicolor