{"id":26532,"date":"2017-04-27T13:41:26","date_gmt":"2017-04-27T13:41:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/animalia\/arthropoda\/insecta\/hymenoptera\/symphyta\/tenthredinidae\/heterarthrus\/heterarthrus-nemoratus\/"},"modified":"2024-04-21T06:54:40","modified_gmt":"2024-04-21T04:54:40","slug":"heterarthrus-nemoratus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/parasites\/animalia\/arthropoda\/insecta\/hymenoptera\/symphyta\/tenthredinoidea\/tenthredinidae\/heterarthrinae\/heterarthrus\/heterarthrus-nemoratus\/","title":{"rendered":"Heterarthrus nemoratus"},"content":{"rendered":"

Heterarthrus nemoratus<\/em> (Fall\u00e9n, 1808)<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

\n\"Heterarthrus
\n
\n<\/p>\n

Betula pubescens<\/em>, Mantingerzand<\/p>\n


\n<\/p>\n

\n\"Heterarthrus
\n
\n<\/p>\n

Betula pendula<\/em>, Belgi\u00eb, prov. Limburg, Koersel \u00a9 Carina Van Steenwinkel<\/p>\n

\n<\/p><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n\"Heterarthrus
\n
\n<\/p>\n

same mine, lighted from behind<\/p>\n

\n<\/p><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n\"Heterarthrus
\n
\n<\/p>\n

larva in the mine; the arrow points to a slit along the midrib, probably used the eject frass<\/p>\n

\n<\/p><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n\"Heterarthrus
\n
\n<\/p>\n

Betula pendula<\/em>, Belgium, prov. Antwerp, Mol \u00a9 Carina Van Steenwinkel:leaf with old mine and cocoon<\/p>\n

\n<\/p><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n


\n<\/p>\n

mine<\/h3>\n

Large blotch, beginning at the leaf margin (there no accumulation of frass). The oldest part of the mine with a characteristic, wine red colour. Most of the frass is ejected through a narrow slit in the leaf margin (sometimes also along the midrib). The larva makes an discoidal cocoon within the mine. Hibernation in the larval stage.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

host plants<\/h3>\n

Betulaceae, monophagous<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Betula<\/a> humilis, pubescens, pendula.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

phenology<\/h3>\n

Larvae in August – September (Altenhofer, 1980b).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n


\n<\/p>\n

BENELUX<\/h3>\n

BE recorded (Fauna Europaea, 2008).<\/p>\n

NE recorded (van Ooststroom 1976a); rare.<\/p>\n

LUX not recorded (Fauna Europaea, 2008).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n


\n<\/p>\n

distribution within Europe<\/h3>\n

From Sweden and Finland to the Pyrenees, Italy (not quite cetain) and Romania, and from Ireland to the Ukraine (Fauna Europaea, 2008).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n


\n<\/p>\n

larva<\/h3>\n

Ripper (1931a), Lorenz & Kraus (1957a), Lindquist (1959a) and Smith (1971a) describe the larva. Thoracal feet reduced to stumps. Prosternum with a large dark patch; meso- and metasternum with a small dark spot. Pronotum with a large rectangular black sclerite. In the prepual stage, when the larva does not feed any more, all pigmentation has disappeared.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n


\n<\/p>\n

synonyms<\/h3>\n

Phyllotoma nemorata<\/em>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n


\n<\/p>\n

notes<\/h3>\n

Around 1927 accidentally introduced into the United States New Hampshire, Massachusetts), causing large-sclae damage to the birch forests (\u201cIn areas where white birch was the predominating tree whole hillsides and valleys appeared as if fire had swept through the stands\u201d) (Ripper, 1931a).<\/p>\n

The specis parthenogenetic (Brown 1959a). Preference for the older leaves (Lindquist, 1959a).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

references<\/h3>\n

Altenhofer (1980b, 2003a), Berland (1947a), Blank ao (1998a), Bou\u010dek (1959a), Brown (1959a), Buhr (1941a, 1964a), Digweed ao (2009a), Heibo, L\u00f8nnve, Barstad ao (2014a), Hering (1927b, 1937c, 1957a), Kirichenko, Augustin & Kenis (2018a), Kozlov, van Nieukerken, Zverev & Zvereva (2013a), Kruse, Smith & Schiff (2010a), Lindquist (1959a), Liston (1995b), Liston, Mutanen & Viitasaari (2019a), Looney, Smith, Collman, ao (2016a), Lorenz & Kraus (1957a), Michalska (1976a), Nyman, Zinovjev, Vikberg & Farrell (2006a), van Ooststroom (1976a), Pieronek (1962a), Pieronek & Soltyk (1993a), Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer (2000a), Pschorn-Walcher & Taeger (1995), Ripper (1931a), Robbins (1991a), Scobiola-Palade (1974a), Skala (1951a), Skala & Zav\u0159el (1945a), Smith (1971a), S\u00f8nderup (1949a), Taeger, Blank & Liston (2006a), Taeger ao (1998a), Viramo (1969a), Wahlgren (1944a, 1963a).<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fall\u00e9n, 1808) Betula pubescens, Mantingerzand Betula pendula, Belgi\u00eb, prov. Limburg, Koersel \u00a9 Carina Van Steenwinkel same mine, lighted from behind larva in the mine; the arrow points to a slit along the midrib, probably used the eject frass Betula pendula, Belgium, prov. Antwerp, Mol \u00a9 Carina Van Steenwinkel:leaf with old mine and cocoon […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":26521,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"parasite-species.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-26532","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-parasite"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26532","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26532"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26532\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26521"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26532"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26532"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26532"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}