{"id":694944,"date":"2019-11-16T18:21:14","date_gmt":"2019-11-16T16:21:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/backgrounds\/specials\/gallers-on-carex\/"},"modified":"2023-11-17T16:49:37","modified_gmt":"2023-11-17T15:49:37","slug":"gallers-on-carex","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/host-plants\/plantae\/spermatopsida\/angiosperma\/monocots\/commelinids\/poales\/cyperaceae\/carex\/gallers-on-carex\/","title":{"rendered":"gallers on genus Carex"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dichotomous table for gallers on Carex<\/em><\/h2>\n

by Hans Roskam<\/p>\n

\n

1a<\/strong> On above-ground parts => 2<\/p>\n

1b<\/strong> Roots with terminal swellings, 5\u20138 mm long, club-shaped; with almost colourless elliptical spores inside. C. limosa: Entorrhiza caricicola<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

2a<\/strong> In flowers or fruits => 17<\/p>\n

2b<\/strong> On vegetative parts => 3<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

3a<\/strong> Leaves or stems with malformations caused by rusts or smuts => 14<\/p>\n

3b<\/strong> Malformations caused by animals => 4<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

4a<\/strong> On leaves => 12<\/p>\n

4b<\/strong> On buds, shoot tips or stems => 5<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

5a<\/strong> On stems or rhizomes => 7<\/p>\n

5b<\/strong> On buds or shoots => 6<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

6a<\/strong> Lower parts of side shoots swollen, bud-like. C. praecox, ? echinata, ? flacca: Planetella sp.<\/em><\/p>\n

6b<\/strong> Buds stunted, thickened; galls corniculate. C. elata, flacca, montana, pallescens, nigra, praecox, sylvatica. Planetella cornifex<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

7a<\/strong> Stem with various kinds of swellings => 9<\/p>\n

7b<\/strong> Stem with lateral tufts of leaves or with depressions => 8<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

8a<\/strong> The stem with a laterally protruding severely stunted shoot with a tuft of severely disfigured, yellowish leaves, the covering sheaths are especially well developed and broadened. Carex sp., muricata, etc.: Livia crefeldensis<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

8b<\/strong> Stem and leaf sheath with weak depressions. Larvae often many per culm. Each depression contains a single orange-red larva. C. appropinquata, ericetorum, echinata, muricata, remota: Thurauia aquatica<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

8c<\/strong> With similar biology, may be conspecific with the previous midge. Thurauia uliginosa<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

=<\/strong> Also other gall midge larvae develop underneath the leaf sheaths of sedges without causing distinct galls:<\/p>\n

a<\/strong> Antichiridium caricis<\/a><\/em>, larvae red, on C. echinata<\/em><\/p>\n

b<\/strong> Antichiridium striatum<\/a><\/em>, larvae yellow, on C. pseudocyperus<\/em> and Molinia caerulea<\/em><\/p>\n

c<\/strong> Brachydiplosis caricum<\/a><\/em>, on Carex spp.<\/em><\/p>\n

d<\/strong> Sterrhaulus corneolus<\/a><\/em>, larvae yellow-red, on Carex<\/em> spp. According to Jaap (1918) this species also develops as an inquiline in galls of Planetella gallarum<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

9a<\/strong> Galls egg-shaped, rotund- to oblong-oval => 10<\/p>\n

9b<\/strong> Axis of shoot thickened at base, onion-like. Sometimes the complete axis is transformed into a horn-like gall. C. ? bigelowii, flacca, montana, nigra, praecox: cf. Planetella cornifex<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

10a<\/strong> Galls one-chambered, usually not in dense clusters => 11<\/p>\n

10b<\/strong> Shoot axis on rhizome already seriously stunted; often with only etiolated leaves above the ground. Stems or leaf sheaths with \u00b1 egg-shaped galls, which usually consist of several oblong-oval, flattened one-chambered parts. C. acuta, acutiformis, arenaria, davalliana, hirta, muricata, nigra, ? praecox: Planetella arenariae<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

10c<\/strong> Similar galls on C. flacca, nigra, praecox<\/em>: Unidentified gall midge <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

11a<\/strong> Stem of shoot in ground, close to surface, with one-chambered, egg-shaped brown swelling, up to 2.5 mm long and 1.5 mm wide, grain-like. C. divulsa, echinata, nigra, praecox, pallescens, ? elata, filiformis: Planetella granifex<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

11b<\/strong> Similar, often acuminate galls, which are often only attached to the leaf at the tip and are \u00b1 distant from the further part of the leaf that bears them. Containing single larvae. Carex spp.: Planetella caricis<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

11c<\/strong> Similar galls, about 5 mm long. C. praecox: Planetella sp.<\/em><\/p>\n

11d<\/strong> From C-Eu has been described from C. praecox: Planetella caricis var. baudysi<\/em><\/p>\n

11e<\/strong> Acuminate galls on culms close to the ground; egg-shaped, about 2 mm long and 1.2 mm wide, one-chambered. C. echinata: Planetella kneuckeri<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

11f<\/strong> Stem of shoot, also leaves, usually close to the ground, with oblong, glabrous, \u00b1 glossy brown, terminally rounded galls, only connected with their middle part to the basal leaf part, narrowed at both ends. Containing a single white larva. Carex spp.: Planetella gallarum<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

11g<\/strong> Similar galls on C. vesicaria<\/em>. Larvae white: Planetella tarda<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

11h<\/strong> Similar galls on C. pseudocyperus<\/em>: Unidentified gall midge<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

12a<\/strong> Galls usually less than 5 mm, one-chambered => 13<\/p>\n

12b<\/strong> At base where leaves come close to one another, are complexes of several whitish or brownish galls, 5\u20138 mm long and 2\u20133 mm thick, acuminate, with thin leathery walls. Containing a single larva. C. ? hirta, pilosa, rostrata, vesicaria, and probably other sedges. Planetella fischeri<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

12c<\/strong> Similar galls at base of a leaf at lowest node. C. acuta, nigra, praecox:
\n Planetella rosenhaueri<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

12d<\/strong> Similar galls on C. davalliana, filiformis, vesicaria: Planetella sp<\/em>.<\/p>\n

=<\/strong> On C. davalliana: Planetella billoti<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

12e<\/strong> Single- or multi-chambered gall, up to 10 mm long and 5 mm broad. C. appropinquata, acutiformis: Planetella sp.<\/em><\/p>\n

12f<\/strong> Oblong swellings at leaf base. C. nigra, praecox, pallescens, elata, ? filiformis: Planetella sp.<\/em><\/p>\n

12g<\/strong> Similar galls on C. divulsa, pallescens: Planetella frireni<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

13a<\/strong> Subterranean leaf sheaths with oblong-oval single-chambered swellings, up to 4 mm long, about 1 mm broad, thick-walled, dark-brown. Containing a single orange-yellow larva. C. flacca: Planetella sp.<\/em><\/p>\n

13b<\/strong> Small blister-like swellings of leaf base; often many on several shortened leaf blades. C. acuta, ? hostiana, elata, etc.: Planetella tuberifica<\/a><\/em> <\/p>\n

13c<\/strong> Leaves similarly swollen at base, containing many slender spindle-shaped single galls. Each chamber contains a single larva. C. acutiformis, pseudocyperus: Planetella tumorifica<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

13d<\/strong> Rotund-oval galls, about 3 x 2 mm on subterranean leaf parts. C. divulsa, praecox: Planetella subterranea<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

14a<\/strong> Expanded stripes on leaves, caused by smut fungi => 15<\/p>\n

14b<\/strong> Patches in disfigured stalks of inflorescence; midrib and also culm of diseased plants \u00b1 shortened. Spores in balls, not enveloped by sterile cells. Carex spp.: Moreaua aterrima<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

15a<\/strong> Spores clustered in balls, enveloped by sterile cells => 16<\/p>\n

15b<\/strong> Spores single. Smut sori in long, parallel stripes. C. brunnescens, canescens, glareosa, lachenalii, macloviana, etc.: Orphanomyces arcticus<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

16a<\/strong> Stripes of smut on leaves of various length. Spores 1\u20132 (4) often without gaps, enveloped by sterile auxiliary cells. Carex spp.: Urocystis fischeri<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

16b<\/strong> Stripes similar. Spores with 1\u20136, mainly 3, \u00b1 completely enveloped by sterile auxiliary cells. C. montana: Urocystis littoralis<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

17a<\/strong> Malformations on flowers or fruits, caused by fungi => 22<\/p>\n

17b<\/strong> Galls on flower parts caused by gall mites or gall midges => 18<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

18a<\/strong> Malformations on ovaries or fruits caused by gall midge larvae => 19<\/p>\n

18b<\/strong> Utricles transformed into very long, thickened galls. C. misera, nigra, praecox: Phytoptus caricis<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

19a<\/strong> Galls less than 5 mm long => 21<\/p>\n

19b<\/strong> Galls about 5\u20139 (12) mm long => 20<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

20a<\/strong> Ovary transformed into an acuminated, cylindrical, usually pale green gall, 5\u201310 (12) mm long. Larva orange. Especially on sedges of the subgenus Vignea<\/em>, such as C. brizoides, caryophyllea, disticha, divulsa, vulpina, pairaei, etc.: Wachtliella caricis<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

20b<\/strong> Galls similar, more club-shaped. Larvae pink-coloured. C. arenaria: Oligotrophus loewianus<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

20c<\/strong> Utricles strongly enlarged, containing a single lemon-yellow larva. C. cuprina: Dasineura inflata<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

=<\/strong> The galls cannot be differentiated externally form those of Wachtliella caricis<\/em>. A difference is that the larvae of inflata<\/em> are lemon yellow, while those of caricis<\/em> are orange<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

21a<\/strong> Ovary, or fruit inflated into an egg-shaped gall, up to 3 mm long. Containing a single orange-coloured larva. C. elata<\/em>: Unidentified gall midge<\/p>\n

21b<\/strong> Similar gall, described in no more detail, on many other sedges. Unidentified gall midge<\/p>\n

21c<\/strong> Utricles thickened, containing a single orange-red larva. C. acutiformis:
\nDasineura koesterbecki<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

21d<\/strong> Utricles disfigured, containing a single orange-red larva. C. paniculata:
\nDasineura minungula<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

22a<\/strong> On the first slightly enlarged ovaries, which are soon destroyed, develop considerable smut bodies, protruding conspicuously from the inflorescence; these are initially compact and enclosed by a white envelope, releasing their solitary, mutually \u00b1 firmly clotted spores rather late => 24<\/p>\n

22b<\/strong> Malformations on various flower parts or on ovaries with lightly dusting of sori => 23<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

23a<\/strong> Ovaries swollen, soon filled with a dark olive-brown to blackish mass of single spores, pervaded by sterile hyphae. Spores lightly dusting or crumbling, leaving the sterile hyphae as characteristic, soon \u00b1 fraying bundle. C. riparia<\/em> and many other Carex<\/em> species: Farysia thuemenii<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

23b<\/strong> Black-brown spore balls in various disfigured flower parts; on more rarely infected female florets often in the abnormally elongated perigyne, often only in the ovary, on male florets predominantly in the anthers. Carex spp.: Moreaua aterrima<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

24a<\/strong> Spore wall glabrous or with small papillae => 27<\/p>\n

24b<\/strong> Spore surface with distinct warts => 25<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

25a<\/strong> On C. canescens, nigra, rostrata => 26<\/p>\n

25b<\/strong> On many sedges of the sect. vesicariae, hirtae<\/em> and hybrids: Anthracoidea subinclusa<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

26a<\/strong> On C. rostrata, pilulifera, rotundata and close relatives: Anthracoidea inclusa<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

=<\/strong> On C. canescens<\/em>, with glabrous spores, lives the closely related Anthracoidea karii<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

26b<\/strong> On Carex sect. Acutae: Anthracoidea echinospora<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

26c<\/strong> On C. canescens<\/em> and relatives: Cintractia fischeri<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

=<\/strong> On C. pilulifera<\/em>, the ovary smut Cintractia caricis-oederi<\/a><\/em> has been described.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

27a<\/strong> On many sedges species complexes of ovary smuts occur. Spores irregular, \u00b1 edged, 15\u201326 x 12\u201322 \u00b5m. Wall dark brown, with very many fine warts. Nominate form on C. pilulifera: Anthracoidea caricis<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

27b<\/strong> Many fungi are \u00b1 host-specific and partially morphologically distinct:<\/p>\n

a<\/strong> On C. alba<\/em>. Spores \u00b1 angular, with many fine papillae, 19\u201327 x 12\u201321 \u00b5m. Also recorded from C. digitata, ornithopoda, sempervirens: Anthracoidea caricis-albae<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

b<\/strong> On C. arenaria<\/em>. Spores dispersing early, rotund to elliptical, \u00b1 flattened, 13\u201318 x 12\u201316 \u00b5m.: Anthracoidea arenariae<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

c<\/strong> On C. brizoides, cespitosa, divulsa, echinata, muricata, leersii, pairae<\/em> and relatives Spores irregular rotund, appearing almost glabrous at maturity, 13\u201320 x 12\u201317 \u00b5m.: Cintractia leioderma<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

d<\/strong> On C. brunnescens<\/em> and hybrids. Spores 15\u201322 x 10\u201316 \u00b5m, \u00b1 irregular rotund-elliptical, with yellowish-brown glabrous or minutely punctated membrane; therefore clearly different from Anthracoidea fischeri<\/a>: Anthracoidea karii<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

e<\/strong> On C. chordorrhiza<\/em>. Spores rotund to elliptical, 15\u201322 x 11\u201319 \u00b5m; wall dark-brown, with, only slightly protruding, about equal warts; forms transition to warty-spored species. Usually all spikes with many or all ovaries diseased: Anthracoidea aspera<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

f<\/strong> On C. digitata<\/em> and relatives. Spores \u00b1 elliptical, very polymorphic, 18\u201327 x 13\u201322 \u00b5m. Wall brown, with many densely positioned, not protruding, rotund or \u00b1 elongate small warts. Smut grains rotund, 2\u20135 mm across; usually solitary to several in the fruiting spikes, sometimes dropping as a whole: Anthracoidea irregularis<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

g<\/strong> On C. dioica<\/em> and hybrids. Spores rotund-elliptical, \u00b1 angular, 18\u201326 x 16\u201322 \u00b5m. Wall dark brown, with densely arranged inclusions, making the membrane almost non-transparent. Close to nominate form: Anthracoidea turfosa<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

=<\/strong> Also found on C. dioica,<\/em> distinguished by its smaller spores is Anthracoidea caricis-dioicae<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

h<\/strong> On C. ferruginea: Anthracoidea caricis<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

i<\/strong> On C. flacca, buxbaumii<\/em>. Smut grains relatively soft and soon dusty; spores rotund or elliptical, sometimes slightly angular, 16\u201326 x 14\u201322 \u00b5m.: Anthracoidea pratensis<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

k<\/strong> On C. glareosa<\/em>. Spores 15\u201321 x 13\u201319 \u00b5m; membrane very thick, up to 2.6 \u00b5m, with densely arranged \u00b1 coalescing, minute papillae: Cintractia glareosa<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

l<\/strong> On C. hirta<\/em>. Spores rotund- to oblong-oval, usually strongly flattened and irregular angular, 16\u201326 x 13\u201321 \u00b5m; wall dark-brown, up to 2 \u00b5m thick, almost glabrous: Cintractia angulata<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

m<\/strong> On C. limosa<\/em> and relatives. Spores rotund to elliptical, often flattened, 17\u201326 x 14\u201324 \u00b5m; wall almost glabrous. Smut grains 2\u20135 mm across; envelope soon rupturing; spores crumbling: Anthracoidea limosa<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

o<\/strong> On C. panicea<\/em> and relatives. Spores rotund- to oblong-oval, very irregularly shaped and rimmed, densely finely punctate, 18\u201320 x 13\u201317 \u00b5m. Other hosts are C. echinata, nigra, praecox, pilulifera: Cintractia baccata<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dichotomous table for gallers on Carex by Hans Roskam 1a On above-ground parts => 2 1b Roots with terminal swellings, 5\u20138 mm long, club-shaped; with almost colourless elliptical spores inside. C. limosa: Entorrhiza caricicola 2a In flowers or fruits => 17 2b On vegetative parts => 3 3a Leaves or stems with malformations caused by […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":31791,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-694944","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-host-plant-genus-galler"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/694944","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=694944"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/694944\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31791"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=694944"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=694944"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bladmineerders.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=694944"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}