Caltha kingcup
Dichotomous table for leafminers
1a fleck mine; larva mines from a helicoidal case: Apterona paludella
1b no fleck mine; larva mines from the inside => 2
1c galls, etc => Tables for all parasites per species
2a mine small, full depth, of indefinite shape; in most species the older larvae live free=> 3
2b mine not uncommonly small, an upper- or lower-surface corridor; larvae mine all their life => 7
3a larvae with thoracic feet => 4
3b no thoracic feet => 6
4a larva: pinacula colourless (the bases of the setae themselves are black) : Cnephasia incertana
4b pinacula black => 5
5a larva: behind/below the anus a chitinous comb: Cnephasia asseclana
5b anal comb absent: Cnephasia stephensiana
6a older larvae live free, causing window feeding: Phytosciara halterata
6b larvae mine all their life: Phytosciara macrotricha
7a corridor from start to end => 8
7b widening corridor, turning into a blotch along the leaf margin => 9
8a corridors radiating from the petiole into the leaf blade: Phytomyza soenderupi
8b corridors not radiating from the petiole: Phytomyza calthophila
9a initial corridor following the leaf margin, with smooth sides and little or no frass grains: Phytomyza calthae
9b initial corridor winding from the leaf basis towards the leaf margin; sides irregularly eaten out; frass in pearl chains: Phytomyza calthivora