1a mine on or (partly) within the midrib => 2

1b mine not associated with the midrib => 7

1c galls, etc => Tables for all parasites per species

2a mine upper- or lower-surface; larva a maggot => 3

2b mine full depth; larva with chitinised head => 6

3a larva in the basis of the midrib, that is galled and swollen; from there short corridors enter the lamina: Phytomyza continua

3b midrib not galled or swollen; mine not in such a basal position => 4

4a side branches slender, not very numerous; frass in strings: Liriomyza strigata

4b side branches short, numerous; frass in grains => 5

5a mine begins at an egg shell; frass grains minute, forming a shadow line along the midrib and side veins: Pegomya terebrans

5b no visible egg shell; frass grains coarser, most of them on top of the midrib: Agromyza apfelbecki

6a larva without feet: Orthochaetes insignis

6b larva with thoracic and abdominal feet: Scrobipalpa acuminatella (but see also S. pauperella)

7a mine small and of indefinite shape, often in numbers on a leaf => 8

7b blotch mine => 12

7cmore or less broad gallery => 17

7d fleck mine => 28

7e “pseudo mine”: the larva causes window feeding, actually living free between the upper epidermis and the dense layer of felt at the underside of the leaf: Agonopterix ferocella

8a mines puckered by silk deposited interiorly; larvae, sombre coloured, with thoracic feet => 9

8b mines flat; larvae whitish, without feet => 11

9a larva: pinacula colourless (the bases of the setae themselves are black) : Cnephasia incertana

9b pinacula black => 10

10a larva: behind/below the anus a chitinous comb: Cnephasia asseclana

10b anal comb absent: Cnephasia stephensiana

11a the larva mines all its life: Phytosciara macrotricha

11b older larvae live free under the leaf, causing window feeding: Phytosciara halterata

12a larva a maggot => 13

12b larva with distinct head and thoracic legs => 14

13a mine very transparent; larva solitary: Pegomya steini

13b mine brownish black; larvae comunal: Phytomyza heterophylli

14a mine strongly puckered: Cnephasia lineata

14b mine almost flat => 15

15a mining larva: pinacula concolorous with (yellowish green): Agonopterix carduella

15b pinacula black => 16

16a larva: head light brown; mine contains much frass: Tebenna micalis

16b head black; mine with little or no frass: Agonopterix nanatella aridella

17a mine small; larva later lives free in a spinning under the leaf => 18

17b mine large; larva remains in the mine untill close to pupation => 20

18a head yellowish to brown; pale yellow or green: Agonopterix arenella

18b head black; green => 19

19a matt green; June – early July: Agonopterix subpropinquella

19b apple green; July – early August: Agonopterix propinquella

20a mine at least partly full depth; larva with feet and head => 21

20b mine upper- or lower-surface, or inter-parenchymal; larva a maggot => 22

21a mine usually with a central, thread-like frass line: Apteropeda orbiculata

21b frass in scattered grains: Sphaeroderma testaceum

22a pupation within the mine => 23

22b larva leaves the mine before pupation => 25

243 puparium metallic black; mines in October/November: Phytomyza autumnalis

23b healthy puparia white (parasitised or dead puparia are brownish black!) => 24

24a mine very long, largely inter-parenchymal, yellow-green**; larva with a short frontal appendage: Phytomyza spinaciae

24b mine shorter, upper- or lower-surface, whitish**; larva without frontal appendage: Chromatomyia cf. syngenesiae

25a frass in discrete grains, their distance larger than their diameter; corridor loosely wound => 26

25b frass at least partly in strings or pearl chains; corridor closely wound, forming a secondary blotch => 27

26a frass grains small, not very widely apart; mine short, often in a single leaf segment: Phytomyza cirsii

26b frass grains large, wide apart; mine unusually long: Phytomyza albiceps

27a larva: rear spiraculum with 7-9 papillae; mine essentially upper-surface but with lower-surface parts, causing the secondary blotch to have semitransparent patches: Liriomyza bryoniae

27b larva: rear spiraculum with 3 papillae; mine fully upper-surface: Liriomyza soror

28a the larva lives free under a leaf, making a slit-like opening and eating away so much leaf tissue the the front half of its disappears in the leaf: Jordanita globulariae, J. graeca, J. notata, J. tenuicornis

28b the larva mines the lower leaves from a silken tube: Scrobipalpula psilella

28c the larva mines from a case => 29

29a case helicoidal: Apterona helicoidella

29b case more or less straight => 30

30a case dark brown: Coleophora paripennella

30b case straw coloured: Coleophora peribenanderi