1a the larva lives in a transportable case and makes fleck mines: Coleophora onopordiella

1b the larva, a maggot, lives within the plant and makes lower- or upper-surface galleries => 2

1c galls, etc => Tables for all parasites per species

2a gallery pinnately branched, main axis on top of the midrib; pupation external: Liriomyza strigata

2b galley hardly branched, not determined by the midrib; pupation internal in a, usually lower-surface, pupal chamber: Chromatomyia cf syngenesiae