Echinops globe thistle
Dichotomous table for leafminers
1a large, untidy fleck mine; the opening is a lateral slit: Jordanita subsolana
1b blotch or gallery => 2
1c galls, etc => Tables for all parasites per species
2a gallery => 3
2b blotch => 4
3a frass in discrete grains; puparium in the mine, in a, usually lower-surface, pupal chamber: Chromatomyia cf. syngenesiae
3b frass in long threads; pupation after the mine has been vacated: Phytomyza bipunctata
4a larva a maggot, without head or legs: Amauromyza carlinae
4b larva a caterpillar, with prolegs => 5
4c beetle larva, without prolegs: Sphaeroderma rubidum
5a elongate blotch overlying the midrib; larva mines all its life: “Gnorimoschema ochraceellum“
5b mine not associated with the midrib; older larvae live free => 6
6a mine contains much frass: Tebenna micalis.
6b little frass: Agonopterix ferocella