1a upper-surface blotch, Cystiphora scorzonerae

1b mine different => 2

1c galls, etc. => Tables for all parasites per species

2a full depth, small mine of ill-defined shape; the larva, with thoracic feet and chitinised head, soon leaves the mine and continues feeding among spun leaves => 3

2b mine much larger; the larva, a maggot, mines all its life => 4

3a larva: pinacula colourless (although the base of the setae is black): Cnephasia incertana

3b pinacula black: Cnephasia stephensiana

4a mine on top of the midrib, widened to a blotch towards the leaf tip, with side branches: Liriomyza tragopogonis

4b mind indepentent of the midrib => 5

5a mine a corridor till the end; pupation within the mine in a, generally lower-surface, pupal chamber: Chromatomyia cf syngenesiae

5b mine widened to a blotch in the end; pupation outside the mine: Liriomyza scorzonerae