Plant Parasites of Europe

leafminers, galls and fungi

Lactuca virosa

greater lettuce

organ parasitic mode stage note taxonomic group parasite
leaf down Erysiphaceae Golovinomyces bolayi
leaf vagrant Lasiocampidae Chondrostega escobesae
leaf leaf spot Mycosphaerellaceae Septoria lactucae
flower vagrant Noctuidae Hecatera dysodea
flower borer Tephritidae Trupanea amoena
flower gall doubtful Cecidomyiidae Contarinia salatica
flower borer Tortricidae Eucosma conterminana
leaf miner Curculionidae Orthochaetes setiger
flower borer Anthomyiidae Botanophila gnava
flower vagrant Aphididae Acyrthosiphon scariolae
stem vagrant Aphididae Aphis craccivora
flower gall Eriophyidae Aculus lactucae
leaf down Erysiphales Golovinomyces cichoracearum
leaf down Peronosporales Bremia lactucae
leaf miner Agromyzidae Liriomyza endiviae
leaf miner Agromyzidae Liriomyza strigata
leaf miner Curculionidae Orthochaetes insignis
leaf pustule aecia Pucciniales Puccinia opizii
stem vagrant Aphididae Acyrthosiphon lactucae

Organ

the part of the plant that most conspicuously is hit by the parasite

all buds: both flower buds and leaf buds
flower: also inflorescence
leaf: also needle, phyllodium, petiole
leaf bud: also unfolding young leaf
fruit: also seed
root: also root stock, runners
root collar: also the lowest part of the stem
stem: also culm, the lower part of the peduncle, in grasses also leaf sheath
systemic: the entire above-ground plant.

PARASITIC MODE

borer: larva living internally, almost no outwards signs
down: 0.5-2 mm high fungal down
film: very thin cover of fungal tussue
gall: swelling and/or malformation
grazer: feeding at the outside of the plant
leaf spot: discoloured, often ± necrotic, generally not galled, sign of a fungus infection
miner-borer: larve initially makes a mine, lives as a borer later
pustule: plug of fungal tissue, generally brown-black and < 2 mm
stripe: longitudinal line of fungal tissue in a grass leaf
vagrant: (aphids, mites) living freely on the plant, at higher densitiy causing malformations.

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IMPORTANT

The host plant spectre of a parasite is rarely known exhaustively; this applies in particular at the species level. It is advisable therefore to check at least also the list of all parasites of this genus.

 

Last modified 8.v.2023