1a fleck mine; larva mined from a case => 2

1b the larva does not mine from a case: Xenolechia aethiops

1c galls, etc => Tables for all parasites per species

2a tiny lobe case: Coleophora juncicolella

2b black sheath case => 3

3a on Erica arborea, Mediterranean region: Coleophora pulchripennella

3b on other Erica species, more northerly in Europe: Coleophora pyrrhulipennella