1a fleck mine; larva mines from a case: Coleophora pennella

1b corridor or blotch => 2

1c galls, etc => Tables for all parasites per species

2a mine lower- or upper-surface; larva a maggot => 3

2b mine at least partially full depth; larva with thoracic feet and chitinised head => 4

3a corridor from start to end; pupation within the mine: Chromatomyia horticola

3b corridor, followed, and mostly overrun, by a large brown blotch: Agromyza abiens

4a blotch, preceded by a very long and thin, epidermal, corrido: Dialectica scalariella

4b mine different => 5

5a blotch with a strong accumulation of frass in the, strongly inflated, central part; pupation within the mine => 6

5b mine small, without a definite shape, not strongly inflated, with hardly any frass; older larvae live free among spun leaves: Cnephasia asseclana

6a mine, generally in the leaf base, strongly malforms the leaf; the larva may also live an a gall-like swollen part of the stem; uncommon on Anchusa: Cynaeda dentalis

6b mine more often in the distal part of the, hardly malformed, leaf; mainly on Anchusa: Epascestria pustulalis