organ | parasitic mode | stage | note | taxonomic group | parasite |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
leaf | vagrant | Tetranychidae | Aplonobia carthaeae | ||
unknown | unknown | doubtful | Pterophoridae | Agdistis satanas | |
leaf | vagrant | Tingidae | Tingis pilosa | ||
root | vagrant | doubtful | Chrysomelidae | Longitarsus reichei | |
leaf | leaf spot | Phyllostictaceae | Phyllosticta ballotae | ||
leaf | leaf spot | Phyllostictaceae | Phyllosticta ballotaecola | ||
leaf | leaf spot | Dothideomycetes incertae sedis | Asteromella fibrillosa var. prodicta | ||
leaf | leaf spot | Didymellaceae | Ascochyta lamiorum | ||
leaf | leaf spot | Mycosphaerellaceae | Septoria balloticola | ||
leaf | leaf spot | Capnodiales | Ramularia lamii var. minor | ||
root | vagrant | Cydnidae | Tritomegas bicolor | ||
root | vagrant | Cydnidae | Tritomegas sexmaculatus | ||
seeds | vagrant | Lygaeidae | Raglius alboacuminatus | ||
leaf | vagrant | Tingidae | Tingis hellenica | ||
seeds | vagrant | Lygaeidae | Ischnocoris punctulatus | ||
seeds | vagrant | Lygaeidae | Stygnocoris similis | ||
leaf | vagrant | Miridae | Campylomma celatum | ||
leaf | vagrant | Berytidae | Berytinus montivagus | ||
leaf | vagrant | Miridae | Orthonotus creticus | ||
leaf | vagrant | Miridae | Malacotes phlomidis | ||
leaf | vagrant | rarely | Piesmatidae | Piesma capitatum | |
leaf | vagrant | Miridae | Macrotylus horvathi | ||
leaf | vagrant | Cydnidae | Tritomegas sexmaculatus | ||
leaf | vagrant | Pentatomidae | Eysarcoris venustissimus | ||
leaf | pustule | Pucciniales | Puccinia ballotae | ||
root | scale | Rhizoecidae | Rhizoecus albidus | ||
leaf | miner | Agromyzidae | Amauromyza leonuri | ||
stem | borer | Cerambycidae | Agapanthiola leucaspis | ||
root collar | borer | Cerambycidae | Pilemia hirsutula | ||
leaf | vagrant | doubtful | Noctuidae | Athetis lepigone | |
leaf | vagrant | Noctuidae | Diachrysia chrysitis | ||
leaf | hidden | Crambidae | Pyrausta virginalis | ||
flower | vagrant | Geometridae | Perizoma alchemillata | ||
leaf | hidden | Pyralidae | Udea fulvalis | ||
leaf | hidden | Hesperiidae | Carcharodus stauderi | ||
leaf | hidden | Hesperiidae | Carcharodus baeticus | ||
leaf | hidden | Hesperiidae | Carcharodus orientalis | ||
leaf | hidden | Crambidae | Ecpyrrhorrhoe rubiginalis | ||
leaf | hidden | Crambidae | Mecyna flavalis | ||
leaf | vagrant | Tingidae | Tingis ballotae | ||
leaf | vagrant | Tingidae | Galeatus sinuatus | ||
leaf | vagrant | Cicadellidae | Eupteryx atropunctata | ||
leaf | vagrant | Cicadellidae | Eupteryx florida | ||
flower | hidden | Tephritidae | Katonaia hemileopsis | ||
flower | hidden | Phlaeothripidae | Neoheegeria dalmatica | ||
leaf | vagrant | Aphididae | Aphis ballotae | ||
leaf | miner | Chrysomelidae | Dibolia maura | ||
flower | borer | doubtful | Nitidulidae | Stachygethes nanus | |
flower | borer | Nitidulidae | Stachygethes ruficornis | ||
leaf | vagrant | Chrysomelidae | Chrysolina bankii | ||
root | borer | Curculionidae | Thamiocolus niveus | ||
root | vagrant | Chrysomelidae | Longitarsus minusculus | ||
root | vagrant | Chrysomelidae | Longitarsus ballotae | ||
leaf | vagrant | Chrysomelidae | Chrysolina polita | ||
leaf | vagrant | Chrysomelidae | Chrysolina fastuosa | ||
leaf | hidden | Crambidae | Anania hortulata | ||
leaf | vagrant | rarely | Pterophoridae | Wheeleria spilodactylus | |
leaf | vagrant | Eriophyidae | Aculops ballotae | ||
leaf | vagrant | Eriophyidae | Aculus karadagensis | ||
flower | borer | younger larva | Adelidae | Nemophora fasciella | |
root collar | borer | larva | doubtful | Apionidae | Squamapion flavimanum |
stem | scale | Coccidae | Saissetia oleae | ||
root | borer | Sesiidae | Chamaesphecia mysiniformis | ||
root collar | borer | Sesiidae | Chamaesphecia annellata | ||
leaf | vagrant | summer generation | Aphididae | Aphis nasturtii | |
flower | borer | Tephritidae | Aciura coryli | ||
leaf bud | gall | Cecidomyiidae | Contarinia ballotae | ||
leaf | down | Erysiphales | Leveillula duriaei | ||
leaf | down | Erysiphales | Neoërysiphe galeopsidis | ||
leaf | down | Erysiphales | Oidiopsis gigaspora | ||
leaf | miner | Agromyzidae | Liriomyza strigata | ||
leaf | miner | Agromyzidae | Amauromyza balcanica | ||
leaf | miner | main | Agromyzidae | Amauromyza labiatarum | |
leaf | miner | Agromyzidae | Amauromyza lamii | ||
leaf | miner | Agromyzidae | Amauromyza morionella | ||
leaf | miner | Agromyzidae | Phytomyza salviae | ||
leaf | miner | Buprestidae | Trachys pumilus | ||
leaf | miner | Chrysomelidae | Dibolia depressiuscula | ||
leaf | miner | Coleophoridae | Coleophora ballotella | ||
leaf | miner | Coleophoridae | Coleophora lineolea | ||
leaf | miner | Coleophoridae | Coleophora ochripennella | ||
leaf | miner | doubtful | Coleophoridae | Coleophora pennella | |
leaf | miner | Elachistidae | Stephensia calpella | ||
leaf | vagrant | summer generation | Aphididae | Cryptomyzus galeopsidis | |
leaf | vagrant | rarely | Aphididae | Cryptomyzus alboapicalis | |
leaf | vagrant | main | Aphididae | Cryptomyzus ballotae |
Organ
the part of the plant that most conspicuously is hit by the parasiteall buds: both flower buds and leaf buds
flower: also inflorescence
leaf: also needle, phyllodium, petiole
leaf bud: also unfolding young leaf
fruit: also seed
root: also root stock, runners
root collar: also the lowest part of the stem
stem: also culm, the lower part of the peduncle, in grasses also leaf sheath
systemic: the entire above-ground plant.
PARASITIC MODE
borer: larva living internally, almost no outwards signsdown: 0.5-2 mm high fungal down
film: very thin cover of fungal tussue
gall: swelling and/or malformation
grazer: feeding at the outside of the plant
leaf spot: discoloured, often ± necrotic, generally not galled, sign of a fungus infection
miner-borer: larve initially makes a mine, lives as a borer later
pustule: plug of fungal tissue, generally brown-black and < 2 mm
stripe: longitudinal line of fungal tissue in a grass leaf
vagrant: (aphids, mites) living freely on the plant, at higher densitiy causing malformations.
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IMPORTANT
The host plant spectre of a parasite is rarely known exhaustively; this applies in particular at the species level. It is advisable therefore to check at least also the list of all parasites of this genus.