Plant Parasites of Europe

leafminers, galls and fungi

Betula pubescens

downy birch

synonym: Betula alba, borysthenica, carpatica, celtiberica, concinna, coriacea, lenta, murithii, odorata, populifolia, pubescens subsp. carpatica + czerepanovii + odorata + tortuosa, tortuosa

organ parasitic mode stage note taxonomic group parasite
leaf leaf spot anamorph Gnomoniaceae Gnomonia intermedia
leaf leaf spot anamorph Melanconiaceae Melanconis stilbostoma
leaf leaf spot Ploettnerulaceae Pyrenopeziza betulina
leaf vagrant Tetranychidae Panonychus ulmi
leaf vagrant Acanthosomatidae Elasmucha grisea
flower borer Tortricidae Epinotia immundana
leaf hidden Tortricidae Archips podana
leaf hidden Tortricidae Epinotia brunnichana
stem scale Coccidae Pulvinaria vitis
unknown unknown Tortricidae Epinotia palmqvisti
leaf leaf spot Venturiaceae Venturia ditricha
leaf leaf spot Gnomoniaceae Gloeosporium leptothyrioides
leaf leaf spot Mycosphaerellaceae Septoria betulae-odoratae
leaf leaf spot Mycosphaerellaceae Septoria betulina
leaf leaf spot Dothideomycetes Asteromella maculiformis
predator Anthocoridae Anthocoris nemoralis
predator Miridae Pilophorus clavatus
leaf vagrant Miridae Psallus falleni
fruit vagrant Lygaeidae Kleidocerys resedae
leaf vagrant Geometridae Agriopis aurantiaria
leaf vagrant Noctuidae Lacanobia contigua
leaf vagrant Noctuidae Ceramica pisi
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Euura brevivalvis
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Euura viridis
leaf hidden Noctuidae Enargia paleacea
leaf vagrant Noctuidae Acronicta auricoma
leaf vagrant Noctuidae Acronicta rumicis
leaf vagrant Erebidae Scoliopteryx libatrix
leaf vagrant Erebidae Orgyia recens
leaf vagrant Erebidae Orgyia antiqua
leaf vagrant Erebidae Gynaephora selenitica
leaf vagrant Erebidae Dicallomera fascelina
leaf vagrant Drepanidae Falcaria lacertinaria
leaf vagrant Endromidae Endromis versicolora
leaf vagrant Lasiocampidae Trichiura crataegi
leaf vagrant Lasiocampidae Eriogaster lanestris
leaf vagrant doubtful Lasiocampidae Eriogaster arbusculae
leaf vagrant Lasiocampidae Malacosoma neustria
leaf vagrant Lasiocampidae Lasiocampa quercus
leaf vagrant Lasiocampidae Macrothylacia rubi
leaf vagrant Drepanidae Drepana falcataria
leaf vagrant Drepanidae Tetheella fluctuosa
leaf vagrant Geometridae Selenia dentaria
leaf vagrant Geometridae Selenia tetralunaria
leaf vagrant Geometridae Biston betularia
leaf vagrant Geometridae Trichopteryx carpinata
leaf vagrant Geometridae Archiearis parthenias
leaf vagrant Geometridae Eulithis testata
leaf vagrant Geometridae Chloroclysta miata
leaf vagrant Geometridae Rheumaptera hastata
leaf vagrant Geometridae Cyclophora albipunctata
leaf vagrant Geometridae Geometra papilionaria
stem borer Buprestidae Agrilus betuleti
leaf vagrant Tingidae Physatocheila costata
stem borer Buprestidae Melanophila acuminata
stem borer Buprestidae Chrysobothris affinis
stem borer Buprestidae Agrilus viridis
stem borer Buprestidae Dicerca furcata
leaf vagrant adult Cixiidae Cixius similis
leaf vagrant Cicadellidae Oncopsis tristis
stem vagrant adult Aphrophoridae Aphrophora alni
leaf vagrant Cicadellidae Linnavuoriana decempunctata
leaf miner Yponomeutidae Atemelia torquatella
leaf vagrant Cicadellidae Kybos ludus
leaf vagrant Cicadellidae Kybos lindbergi
leaf vagrant adult Cicadellidae Lindbergina aurovittata
leaf vagrant Cicadellidae Zygina rosea
leaf vagrant Cicadellidae Oncopsis subangulata
leaf vagrant Cicadellidae Edwardsiana bergmani
leaf vagrant Cicadellidae Kybos calyculus
stem borer Curculionidae Liparthrum mandibulare
stem borer Curculionidae Taphrorychus villifrons
stem borer Curculionidae Scolytus intricatus
stem borer Curculionidae Xyleborinus saxesenii
stem borer Curculionidae Xyleborus dispar
leaf vagrant Thripidae Mycterothrips latus
leaf vagrant Chrysomelidae Chrysomela lapponica
leaf vagrant Chrysomelidae Altica aenescens
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Euura aegra
leaf vagrant doubtful Tenthredinidae Euura berolinensis
leaf vagrant Argidae Arge dimidiata
leaf vagrant Cimbicidae Cimbex femoratus
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Nematus septentrionalis
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Euura dispar
leaf vagrant Argidae Arge fuscipes
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Euura umbrata
leaf vagrant doubtful Tenthredinidae Allantus cingillum
leaf oviposition scar egg Tenthredinidae Hemichroa australis
leaf vagrant larva Tenthredinidae Hemichroa australis
leaf vagrant Argidae Arge pullata
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Euura betulae
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Empria magnicornis
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Nematinus acuminatus
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Empria candidata
leaf vagrant doubtful Tenthredinidae Empria fletcheri
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Nematus latipes
leaf vagrant Argidae Arge ustulata
leaf hidden Pamphilidae Pamphilius varius
leaf vagrant Cimbicidae Trichiosoma lucorum
leaf hidden Pamphilidae Pamphilius pallipes
leaf hidden Chimabachidae Diurnea lipsiella
leaf hidden Choreutidae Choreutis diana
leaf hidden Gelechiidae Carpatolechia proximella
leaf hidden Tortricidae Lobesia reliquana
leaf hidden Tortricidae Ancylis tineana
leaf hidden Gelechiidae Pseudotelphusa paripunctella
leaf miner Coleophoridae Coleophora potentillae
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Dineura virididorsata
leaf hidden Tortricidae Eulia ministrana
leaf vagrant doubtful Tenthredinidae Pristiphora cincta
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Pristiphora melanocarpa
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Pristiphora ruficornis
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Pristiphora albilabris
leaf hidden Tortricidae Acleris notana
stem gall Prodoxidae Lampronia fuscatella
leaf vagrant Eriophyidae Aculus megacrinis
flower borer larva Curculionidae Coeliodinus phrymos
flower borer larva Curculionidae Coeliodinus nigritarsis
leaf gall larva main Rhynchitidae Deporaus betulae
stem borer Yponomeutidae Argyresthia retinella
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Caliroa annulipes
stem vagrant Aphididae Stomaphis quercus
leaf vagrant Tenthredinidae Pristiphora testacea
stem borer Sesiidae Synanthedon scoliaeformis
stem borer Sesiidae Synanthedon spheciformis
stem vagrant Psyllidae Chamaepsylla hartigii
stem vagrant Psyllidae Psylla betulae
fruit gall Cecidomyiidae Semudobia betulae
fruit gall main Cecidomyiidae Semudobia tarda
flower borer Tortricidae Epinotia bilunana
flower gall Apionidae Betulapion simile
flower gall Cecidomyiidae Semudobia skuhravae
flower gall Tortricidae Cochylis nana
leaf bud gall Eriophyidae Acalitus calycophthirus
leaf miner>borer Heliozelidae Heliozela hammoniella
leaf down Erysiphales Erysiphe ornata
leaf down Erysiphales Phyllactinia betulae
leaf leaf spot Venturiales Fusicladium scribnerianum
leaf gall Aphididae Hamamelistes betulinus
leaf gall Cecidomyiidae Anisostephus betulinus
leaf gall Cecidomyiidae Massalongia rubra
leaf gall Cecidomyiidae Resseliella betulicola
leaf gall Eriophyidae Acalitus longisetosus
leaf gall Eriophyidae Acalitus notolius
leaf gall Eriophyidae Acalitus rudis
leaf gall Eriophyidae Cecidophyopsis betulae
leaf gall Eriophyidae Eriophyes leionotus
leaf gall Eriophyidae Eriophyes lissonotus
leaf gall Taphrinales Taphrina bacteriosperma
leaf gall Taphrinales Taphrina betulae
leaf gall Taphrinales Taphrina carnea
leaf miner Agromyzidae Agromyza alnibetulae
leaf miner Bucculatricidae Bucculatrix demaryella
leaf miner Coleophoridae Coleophora betulella
leaf miner Coleophoridae Coleophora binderella
leaf miner Coleophoridae Coleophora cornutella
leaf miner Coleophoridae Coleophora fuscocuprella
leaf miner Coleophoridae Coleophora milvipennis
leaf miner Coleophoridae Coleophora siccifolia
leaf miner Coleophoridae Coleophora serratella
leaf miner Curculionidae Anoplus plantaris
leaf miner Curculionidae Orchestes jota
leaf miner Curculionidae Orchestes rusci
leaf miner main Curculionidae Orchestes calceatus
leaf miner Curculionidae Rhamphus pulicarius
leaf miner Eriocraniidae Eriocrania cicatricella
leaf miner Eriocraniidae Eriocrania salopiella
leaf miner Eriocraniidae Eriocrania sangii
leaf miner Eriocraniidae Eriocrania semipurpurella
leaf miner Eriocraniidae Eriocrania sparrmannella
leaf miner Eriocraniidae Heringocrania unimaculella
leaf miner Gracillariidae Caloptilia betulicola
leaf miner Gracillariidae Caloptilia populetorum
leaf miner Gracillariidae Parornix betulae
leaf miner Gracillariidae Parornix loganella
leaf miner Gracillariidae Parornix traugotti
leaf miner Gracillariidae Phyllonorycter anderidae
leaf miner Gracillariidae Phyllonorycter cavella
leaf miner Gracillariidae Phyllonorycter corylifoliella
leaf miner Gracillariidae Phyllonorycter ulmifoliella
leaf miner Incurvariidae Incurvaria pectinea
leaf miner Incurvariidae Phylloporia bistrigella
leaf miner Lyonetiidae Leucoptera malifoliella
leaf miner Lyonetiidae Lyonetia clerkella
leaf miner Lyonetiidae Lyonetia prunifoliella
leaf miner Nepticulidae Ectoedemia minimella
leaf miner Nepticulidae Ectoedemia occultella
leaf miner Nepticulidae Stigmella betulicola
leaf miner Nepticulidae Stigmella confusella
leaf miner Nepticulidae Stigmella continuella
leaf miner Nepticulidae Stigmella lapponica
leaf miner Nepticulidae Stigmella luteella
leaf miner Nepticulidae Stigmella naturnella
leaf miner Nepticulidae Stigmella sakhalinella
leaf miner Tenthredinidae Fenusa pumila
leaf miner Tenthredinidae Fenusella nana
leaf miner Tenthredinidae Heterarthrus nemoratus
leaf miner Tenthredinidae Profenusa thomsoni
leaf miner Tenthredinidae Scolioneura betuleti
leaf miner Yponomeutidae Argyresthia goedartella
leaf pustule Chytridiales Synchytrium aureum
leaf pustule uredinia telia Pucciniales Melampsoridium betulinum
leaf vagrant Aphididae Hormaphis betulae
leaf vagrant Eriophyidae Acaphylla acromia
leaf vagrant Eriophyidae Epitrimerus subacromius
stem gall Rhizobiales Agrobacterium tumefaciens
stem gall Santalaceae Viscum album
stem vagrant Aphididae Glyphina betulae
stem vagrant Aphididae Symydobius oblongus
stem witches’ broom Taphrinales Taphrina betulina
stem witches’ broom Taphrinales Taphrina nana
leaf gall Aphididae Calaphis betulicola
leaf vagrant Aphididae Betulaphis quadrituberculata
leaf vagrant Aphididae Betulaphis brevipilosa
leaf vagrant doubtful Aphididae Callipterinella tuberculata
leaf vagrant Aphididae Euceraphis punctipennis
leaf vagrant Aphididae Monaphis antennata
stem vagrant doubtful Aphididae Glyphina jacutensis
stem vagrant Aphididae Clethrobius comes
leaf vagrant Aphididae Callipterinella calliptera
leaf vagrant Aphididae Calaphis flava
stem vagrant Aphididae Glyphina pseudoschrankiana
flower vagrant Aphididae Callipterinella minutissima

Organ

the part of the plant that most conspicuously is hit by the parasite

all buds: both flower buds and leaf buds
flower: also inflorescence
leaf: also needle, phyllodium, petiole
leaf bud: also unfolding young leaf
fruit: also seed
root: also root stock, runners
root collar: also the lowest part of the stem
stem: also culm, the lower part of the peduncle, in grasses also leaf sheath
systemic: the entire above-ground plant.

PARASITIC MODE

borer: larva living internally, almost no outwards signs
down: 0.5-2 mm high fungal down
film: very thin cover of fungal tussue
gall: swelling and/or malformation
grazer: feeding at the outside of the plant
leaf spot: discoloured, often ± necrotic, generally not galled, sign of a fungus infection
miner-borer: larve initially makes a mine, lives as a borer later
pustule: plug of fungal tissue, generally brown-black and < 2 mm
stripe: longitudinal line of fungal tissue in a grass leaf
vagrant: (aphids, mites) living freely on the plant, at higher densitiy causing malformations.

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IMPORTANT

The host plant spectre of a parasite is rarely known exhaustively; this applies in particular at the species level. It is advisable therefore to check at least also the list of all parasites of this genus.

 

Last modified 17.viii.2023