1a mine in fallen leaves: Neocoenorrhinus pauxillus

1b fleck mine => 2

1c blotch, without a trce of a preceding corridor => 4

1d corridor, may be widened at the end => 5

1d tentiform mine => 12

1e galls, etc => Tables for all parasites per species

2a case ≥ 8 mm long; almost perpendicular to the leaf surface: Coleophora hemerobiella

2b case ≤ 6 mm, obliquely on the leaf => 3

3a case yelowish to greyish, very common throughout Europe: Coleophora serratella

3b case blackish, the end reddish; species of central and outheastern Europe: Coleophora kroneella

4a mine small, pear-shaped, especially in the oldest part much blackish brown frass; larva oval, legless: Rhamphus oxyanthae

4b mine circular with redddish brown frass in concentric arcs; larva an obvious caterpillar: Leucoptera malifoliella

5a corridor very irregular, without frass: Recurvaria nanella

5b corridor regular, with obvious amounts of frass => 6

6a corridor < 1 cm, usually in a vein axil, with much frass that almost fills the entire first part of the corridor: Bucculatrix bechsteinella

6b corridor longer, with proportionally less frass => 7

7a no egg shell visible where the corridor starts; corridor long and slender, not widenend in the end, may cross the midrib: Lyonetia clerkella

7b at the start of the corridor a shining egg shell; corridor usually shorter, often more or less widened in the end, almost never crossing the midrib => 8

8a corridor ends in an almost circular blotch: Stigmella sorbi

8b corridor either only weakly widened in the end, or forming a secondary blotch there => 9

9a most of the frass coiled: Stigmella oxyacanthella

9b all frass linear or dispersed => 10

10a corridor almost not widened in the end: Stigmella magdalenae

10b corridor clearly widened in the end => 11

11a frass occupies about 1/3 of the width of the corridor: Stigmella mespilicola

11b frass occupies at least 1/2 of the corridor widt: Stigmella hybnerella

12a mine small, no folds in lower epidermis; the larva soon leaves the mine and continues feeding in a folded leaf margin: Parornix anguliferella

12b mine larger, with one strong or several weak folds; pupation within the mine => 13

13a mine upper-surface: Phyllonorycter corylifoliella

13b mine lower-surface => 14

14a lower epidermis with one strong fold => 15

14b lower epidermis with everal weak folds => 16

15a pupa: the bases of the inner pair of cremaster spines just fall within the bases of the spines of the outer pair: Phyllonorycter cydoniella

15b the bases of the inner pair partly overlap with the bases of the outer pair: Phyllonorycter blancardella

16a mine 14-16 mm long: Phyllonorycter deschkai

16b mine 20-32 mm long: Phyllonorycter mespilella