1a blotch mine, from which eventually an excision is made that is hardly smaller than the mine itself => 2

1b lower surface tentiform mine => 3

1c blotch mine (no excision) => 4

1d corridor mine => 6

1e fleck mine => 8

1f galls, etc. => Tables for all parasites per species

2a larva: each thorax segment with a black dorsal shield: Incurvaria koerneriella or pectinea

2b onlt pronutum with a black shield; meso- and metanotum with a small dark spot: Incurvaria masculella

3a frass in a lump in one corner of the mine: Phyllonorycter issikii

3b frass scattered in the mine: Phyllonorycter messaniella

4a on the oviposition spot (usually the leaf tip) a shining black drop of dried secretion: Trachys minutus

4b no such drop => 5

5a mines in May, mostly in the canopy; mines flat, not rolled in at the margin; rarely more than 1 mine per leaf; frass pellets about 0.5 mm long: Parna apicalis

5b mines in June-July, mainly on suckers; mine somewhat inflated, rolled in at the margin; often several mines per leaf; frass pellets up to 2 mm long: Parna tenella

6a a contorted gallery of about 2 cm; larva remains in the mine until just before pupation: Stigmella tiliae

6b mine < 1 cm; older larvae live free => 7

7a mine at the leaf margin (generally in the tip of the leaf): Roeslerstammia erxlebella

7b hooklike mine in a vein axil: Bucculatrix thoracella

8a lobe case: Coleophora violacea

8b tubular leaf case: Coleophora siccifolia

8c pistol case: Coleophora anatipenella