Protapion apricans (Herbst, 1797)
on Trifolium
1122 gall flower head; 1123 intact floret; 1124 damaged floret; 1125 eaten out calyx with emergence opening (from Hoffmann, 1958a)
parasite
7-10 Larvae develop in a flower head the gets transformed in a globular hardened mass. Each larva consumes the ovaries of several florets, then pupates in a cocoon in a calyx.
host plants
Fabaceae, monophagous
Trifolium campestre, montanum, pratense.
Tomasi additionally mentions T. medium
Dieckman with certainty only mentions T. pratense; that this host would be shared by T. campestre seems unlikely.
phenology
Univoltine, hibernation as adult.
distribution within Europe
larva
from Hoffmann (1958a)
synonyms
Apion apricans.
references
Avgın & Colonnelli (2011a), Behne (1987a), Buhr (1965a), Dauphin & Aniotsbehere (1997a), Delbol (2013a), Dieckmann (1962a, 1977a), Dieckmann & Herger (1985a), Ehret (1990a), Hoffman (1958a), Houard (1909a), Mifsud & Colonnelli (2010a), Podlussány (1986a), Redfern & Shirley (2011a), Rheinheimer & Hassler (2010a), Tomasi (2014a).