Eupatorium cannabinum, Denmark © Henrik Stenholt

detail

Sonchus oleraceus, Nieuwendam

Sonchus oleraceus, Amsterdam: heavily attacked leaf segment

same leaf segment, with the lower-surface puparia

frass pattern

puparium in the mine

mine

Generally upper-surface corridor. Frass in isolated grains. Ppation in the mine, in a, usually lower-surface, pupal chamber. The puparium mostly is white (but parasitised puparia are black). The front spiracula penetrate as tiny brown hooks the plant epidermis.

host plants

Asteraceae, widely oligophagous (Griffiths, 1967a)

Adenostyles; Ageratum houstonianum; Andryala; Arctium lappa, minus; Artemisia vulgaris; Bidens pilosus, tripartitus; Calendula officinalis; Callistephus chinensis; Carduus crispus; Carthamus; Centaurea calcitrapa, jacea subsp. angustifolia, orientalis; Chrysanthemum indicum; Cichorium intybus; Cirsium appendiculatum, arvense, helenioides; Coleostephus myconis; Coreopsis; Crepis; Dahlia pinnata; Erechtites; Erigeron canadense; Eupatorium cannabinum; Filago; Gaillardia; Galinsoga parviflora, quadriradiata; Gerbera jamesonii; Guizotia; Helianthus annuus; Helichrysum; Helminthotheca echioides; Inula oculus-christi; Jacobaea aquatica, vulgaris; Kleinia neriifoloia; Lactuca muralis, sativa, serriola, viminea; Leontodon hispidus; Leontopodium; Leucanthemum vulgare; Pericallis cruenta; Pulicaria dysenterica; Reichardia picroides; Rudbeckia laciniata; Schizogyne sericea; Scorzoneroides autumnalis; Senecio duriaei, inaequidens, squalidus, vulgaris, viscosus; Sonchus arvensis, asper subsp. glaucescens, leptocephalus, oleraceus; Symphyotrichum ericoides; Taraxacum officinale; Tripleurospermum inodorum; Zinnia elegans.

Sonchus oleraceus is the most frequently attacked host plant. A serious pest on a variety of plants, in particular chrysanthemums and lettuce (Darvas, Skuhravá & Andersen, 2000a; “chrysanthemum leafminer”).

phenology

Entire summer.

BENELUX

BE recorded (Scheirs, De Bruyn & Verdyck, 1993a).

NE recorded (de Meijere, 1924a, ass Phytomyza atricornis on Asteraceae).

LUX recorded (Ellis, various localities).

distribution within Europe

Entire Europe (Fauna Europaea, 2008).

larva

puparium

synonyms

Phytomyza atricornis Meigen, 1830 (partim); Ph. syngenesiae; Ph. chrysanthemi Kowarz in Lintner, 1891.

notes

Until the middle of the sixties Phytomyza atricornis Meigen was considered one of the most common and polyphagous Agromyzidae. However, a revision by Griffiths (1967a) made it clear that by that name two closely related species are covered: Chromatomyia syngenesiae (Hardy) en Ch. horticola (Goureau). The difference is visible only in interior details of the male genitalia: neither the females nor pre-imaginal stages can be identified with certainty. Unfortunately, both species are common and polyphagous. There is some difference in foodp lant preference. Ch. syngenesiae lives almost exclusively on Asteraceae, while horticola has been found on at least 24 families of flowering plants, with a marked preference for Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Fabaceae. Both species share a clear preference for human-dominated, disturbed habitats, and are found most frequently in urban situations.

For the practical identification of mine material some choose to use the old, collective, name atricornis for both species. A somewhat more precise approach is to identify material from Asteraceae as “cf. syngensiae”, and material from non-Asteraceae as horticola.

references

Ahr (1966a), Allen (1958a), Amsel & Hering (1933a), Beiger (1960a, 1989a), Benavent, Martínez, Moreno & Jiménez (2004a), Beuk (2002a), Bland (1977a, 1992b), Buhr (1930a, 1932a, 1941b, 1964a), Černý (2011a), Černý, Andrade, Gonçalves & von Tschirnhaus (2018a), Černý & Merz (2007a), Csóka (2003a), Darvas, Skuhravá & Andersen (2000a), Dempewolf (2004a), Drăghia (1968a, 1970a, 1971a, 1972a, 1974a), Eiseman & Lonsdale (2018a), van Frankenhuyzen, Houtman & Kabos (1982a), Griffiths (1963b, 1967a, 1972b), Haase (1942a), Hering (1924a, 1927a, 1930b, 1932e,g, 1936b, 1955b, 1957a, 1967a), Maček (1999a), Manning (1956a), Masetti, Lanzoni, Burgio & Süss (2004a), de Meijere (1924a, 1926a, 1939a), Nowakowski (1954a), Robbins (1991a), Scheirs, De Bruyn & Verdyck (1993a), Seidel (1957a), Spencer (1954d, 1966b, 1972a, 1973b, 1976a), Stammer (2016a), Starý (1930a), von Tschirnhaus (1969b, 1999a), Ureche (2010a), Zoerner (1969a).