detail

Atropa belladonna, België, prov. Namen, Viroinval, Dourbes, RN “Montange-aux-Buis” © Stéphane Claerebout

Ononis spinosa subsp. procurrens, Belgium, RN Montange-aux-Buis © Stéphane Claerebout

mine

Long corridor mine. As a rule the first part of the mine is lower-surface, the later part upper-surface. Often the loops are so dense that a secondary blotch is the result. Because upper- and lower-surface corridor segments often cross, the mine obtains a strange array of transparant patches. There is no association with th midrib. Frass in strings and thread fragments. Pupation outside the mine; exit slit in upper epidermis.

host plants

Very polyphagous on a variety of dicotyledonous plant families; mainly on cultivated plants and ornamentals. The list below is far from exhaustive!

Aethionema arabicum; Ajuga; Alisma plantago-aquatica; Alliaria petiolata; Amaranthus blitum subsp. oleraceus, caudatus, cruentus, graecizans, retroflexus; Anarrhinum; Anisodus luridus; Anthyllis vulneraria; Antirrhinum majus; Apium graveolens; Arabis glabra; Arctium lappa; Armoracia rusticana; Artemisia vulgaris; Astracantha gummifera; Atriplex calotheca; Atropa bella-donna; Barbarea vulgaris; Basella alba; Benincasa hispida; Beta vulgaris; Brugmansia; Bryonia; Caiophora; Callistephus chinensis; Capparis spinosa; Capsella bursa-pastoris; Capsicum annuum; Cardaria draba; Celosia; Centaurea; Centaurium erythraea; Centranthus; Chaenorhinum; Chenopodium album; Chorispora tenella; Chrysanthemum x morifolium; Cirsium arvense; Citrullus lanatus; Cleome spinosa; Collinsia; Coriandrum; Coronilla scorpioides; Cucumis sativus; Cucurbita pepo; Cymbalaria muralis; Dahlia pinnata; Datura metel, stramonium; Diptychocarpus strictus; Eruca; Erysimum cheiranthoides; Eustoma; Galega officinalis; Galeopsis pubescens, speciosa, tetrahit; Galinsoga parviflora; Gentiana; Gerbera; Gypsophila paniculata; Heliophila coronopifolia; Helminthotheca echoides; Hesperis matronalis, tristis; Hibiscus trionum; Hippocrepis emerus; Hydrocotyle vulgaris; Hylotelephium telephium; Hyoscyamus niger; Inula conyzae; Kickxia; Lactuca perennis, serriola; Lagenaria siceraria; Lallemantia; Lamium album, amplexicaule, galeodolon; Lathyrus japonicus subsp. maritimus, niger, tuberosus, vernus; Lens culinaris; Leonurus; Levisticum officinale; Linaria purpurea; Lisianthus; Lupinus angustifolius, luteus, mutabilis, nootkaensis, polyphyllus; Lycium barbarum, chinense; Lycopersicon esculentum; Malva; Maurandya scandens; Medicago scutellata; Melilotus albus, indicus, italicus, officinalis, wolgicus; Mercurialis annua; Misopates orontium; Nicandra physalodes; Nicotiana alata, x sanderae; Ononis rotundifolia, spinosa & subsp. hircina ; Oxalis; Oxytropis campestris; Peltaria alliacea; Petroselinum crispum; Petunia x hybrida; Phacelia; Phaseolus coccineus, lunatus, oblongus, vulgaris; Phlox; Physalis alkekingi; Piper; Pisum; Plantago arenaria; Polemonium caeruleum; Primula; Proboscidea; Raphanus sativus; Ricinus; Salpiglossis; Saponaria officinalis; Scrophularia grandiflora, nodosa, vernalis; Sedum spectabile; Silene chalcedonica; Sinapis alba; Sisymbrium officinale; Solanum dulcamara,, melongena, nigrum, tuberosum, villosum; Sonchus asper; Spergularia; Spinacia oleracea; Stellaria media; Tagetes erecta; Thermopsis; Trifolium hybridum, incarnatum, lupinaster, ochroleucon, pannonicum; Trigonella caerulea, foenum-graecum; Tripodion tetraphyllum; Tropaeolum majus; Veratrum nigrum; Verbascum blattaria, creticum, lychnitis, nigrum, phlomoides, sinuatum; Verbena hybrida, officinalis; Vicia benghalensis, faba, narbonensis, villosa; Withania aristata; Zinnia elegans.

An important pest on tomatoes, both in open air (especially in southern Europe) and in greenhouses (Darvas, Skuhravá & Andersen 2000a; Spencer, 1973b).

phenology

Larvae from June to September, in at least two generations (Hering, 1957a); however, in the Netherlands larvae have been found as early as in April.

BENELUX

BE recorded (De Bruyn & von Tschirnhaus, 1991a).
NE recorded (van Rossem ao, 1966a); uncommon species, at least in natural situations.
LUX not recorded

distribution within Europe

Almost entire Europe, Ireland excepted (Fauna Europaea, 2008).

larva

synonyms

Liriomza solani Hering, 1927; L. hydrocotylae Hering, 1930; L. mercurialis Hering, 1932; L. triton Frey, 1945; L. citrulli Rohdendorf, 1950; L. nipponallia Sasakawa, 1961 [Spencer, 1976a; von Tschirnhaus, 1999a].

references

Ahr (1966a), Andersen & Jonassen (1994a), Beiger (1955a, 1958a, 1970a, 1979a, 1989a), Benavent, Martínez, Moreno & Jiménez (2004a), Beuk (2002a), De Bruyn & von Tschirnhaus (1991a), Buhr (1932a, 1941b, 1964a), Černý (2004a, 2011a), Černý, Andrade, Gonçalves & von Tschirnhaus (2018a), Černý & Merz (2006a, 2007a), Černý & Vála (1999a), Černý, Vála & Barták (2001a), Ci̇velek, Çikman & Dursun (2008a), Collins (0000a), Darvas, Skuhravá & Andersen (2000a), Dempewolf (2001a), Drăghia (1967a,1968a, 1970a, 1972a, 1974a), Gil Ortiz (2009a), Hering (1927b, 1930b, 1931f, 1954a, 1957a, 1961a, 1962a), Huber (1969a), van der Linden (1993a), Michalska (1970a, 1972a), Minkenberg & van Lenteren (1986a), Maček (1999a), Masetti, Lanzoni, Burgio & Süss (2004a), Nowakowski (1954a), Ostrauskas, Pakalniškis & Taluntytė (2003a), Papp & Černý (2018a), Popescu-Gorj & Drăghia (1968a), van Rossem ao (1966a), Sasakawa (1961a), Scheirs, De Bruyn & von Tschirnhaus (1995a), Šefrová (2015a), Shiao (2004a), Skala & Zavřel (1945a), Sønderup (1949a), Spencer (1954a, 1967a, 1972a, 1973b,c, 1976a), Starý (1930a), Süss (1979a), von Tschirnhaus (1999a), Ureche (2010a), Utech (1962a), Zoerner (1970a, 1971b).