detail

Atropa belladonna, België, prov. Namen, Viroinval, Dourbes, RN “Montange-aux-Buis” © Stéphane Claerebout

Ononis spinosa subsp. procurrens, Belgium, RN Montange-aux-Buis © Stéphane Claerebout

mine

Long corridor mine. As a rule the first part of the mine is lower-surface, the later part upper-surface. Often the loops are so dense that a secondary blotch is the result. Because upper- and lower-surface corridor segments often cross, the mine obtains a strange array of transparant patches. There is no association with th midrib. Frass in strings and thread fragments. Pupation outside the mine; exit slit in upper epidermis.

host plants

Very polyphagous on a variety of dicotyledonous plant families; mainly on cultivated plants and ornamentals. The list below is far from exhaustive!

Aethionema arabicum; Ajuga; Alisma plantago-aquatica; Alliaria petiolata; Amaranthus blitum subsp. oleraceus, caudatus, cruentus, graecizans, retroflexus; Anarrhinum; Anisodus luridus; Anthyllis vulneraria; Antirrhinum majus; Apium graveolens; Arabis glabra; Arctium lappa; Armoracia rusticana; Artemisia vulgaris; Astracantha gummifera; Atriplex calotheca; Atropa bella-donna; Barbarea vulgaris; Basella alba; Benincasa hispida; Beta vulgaris; Brugmansia; Bryonia; Caiophora; Callistephus chinensis; Capparis spinosa; Capsella bursa-pastoris; Capsicum annuum; Cardaria draba; Celosia; Centaurea; Centaurium erythraea; Centranthus; Chaenorhinum; Chenopodium album; Chorispora tenella; Chrysanthemum morifolium; Cichorium intybus; Cirsium arvense; Citrullus lanatus; Cleome spinosa; Collinsia; Coriandrum; Coronilla scorpioides; Cucumis sativus; Cucurbita pepo; Cymbalaria muralis; Dahlia pinnata; Datura metel, stramonium; Diptychocarpus strictus; Eruca; Erysimum cheiranthoides; Eustoma; Galega officinalis; Galeopsis pubescens, speciosa, tetrahit; Galinsoga parviflora; Gentiana; Gerbera; Gypsophila paniculata; Heliophila coronopifolia; Helminthotheca echoides; Hesperis matronalis, tristis; Hibiscus trionum; Hippocrepis emerus; Hydrocotyle vulgaris; Hylotelephium spectabile, telephium; Hyoscyamus niger; Inula conyzae; Kickxia; Lactuca perennis, serriola; Lagenaria siceraria; Lallemantia; Lamium album, amplexicaule, galeodolon; Lathyrus japonicus subsp. maritimus, niger, tuberosus, vernus; Lens culinaris; Leonurus; Levisticum officinale; Linaria purpurea; Lisianthus; Lupinus angustifolius, luteus, mutabilis, nootkaensis, polyphyllus; Lycium barbarum, chinense; Lycopersicon esculentum; Malva; Maurandya scandens; Medicago scutellata; Melilotus albus, indicus, italicus, officinalis, wolgicus; Mercurialis annua; Misopates orontium; Nicandra physalodes; Nicotiana alata, x sanderae; Ononis rotundifolia, spinosa & subsp. hircina ; Oxalis; Oxytropis campestris; Peltaria alliacea; Petroselinum crispum; Petunia x hybrida; Phacelia; Phaseolus coccineus, lunatus, oblongus, vulgaris; Phlox; Physalis alkekingi; Piper; Pisum; Plantago arenaria; Polemonium caeruleum; Primula; Proboscidea; Raphanus sativus; Ricinus; Salpiglossis; Saponaria officinalis; Scrophularia grandiflora, nodosa, vernalis; Silene chalcedonica; Sinapis alba; Sisymbrium officinale; Solanum dulcamara,, melongena, nigrum, tuberosum, villosum; Sonchus asper; Spergularia; Spinacia oleracea; Stellaria media; Tagetes erecta; Telekia speciosa; Thermopsis; Trifolium hybridum, incarnatum, lupinaster, ochroleucon, pannonicum; Trigonella caerulea, foenum-graecum; Tripodion tetraphyllum; Tropaeolum majus; Veratrum nigrum; Verbascum blattaria, creticum, lychnitis, nigrum, phlomoides, sinuatum; Verbena hybrida, officinalis; Vicia benghalensis, faba, narbonensis, villosa; Withania aristata; Zinnia elegans.

An important pest on tomatoes, both in open air (especially in southern Europe) and in greenhouses (Darvas, Skuhravá & Andersen 2000a; Spencer, 1973b).

phenology

Larvae from June to September, in at least two generations (Hering, 1957a); however, in the Netherlands larvae have been found as early as in April.

BENELUX

BE recorded (De Bruyn & von Tschirnhaus, 1991a).
NE recorded (van Rossem ao, 1966a); uncommon species, at least in natural situations.
LUX not recorded

distribution within Europe

Almost entire Europe, Ireland excepted (Fauna Europaea, 2008).

larva

synonyms

Liriomza solani Hering, 1927; L. hydrocotylae Hering, 1930; L. mercurialis Hering, 1932; L. triton Frey, 1945; L. citrulli Rohdendorf, 1950; L. nipponallia Sasakawa, 1961 [Spencer, 1976a; von Tschirnhaus, 1999a].

parasitoids, predators

Hemiptarsenus zilahisebessi.

references

Ahr (1966a), Andersen & Jonassen (1994a), Beiger (1955a, 1958a, 1970a, 1979a, 1989a), Benavent, Martínez, Moreno & Jiménez (2004a), Beuk (2002a), De Bruyn & von Tschirnhaus (1991a), Buhr (1932a, 1941b, 1964a), Černý (2004a, 2011a), Černý, Andrade, Gonçalves & von Tschirnhaus (2018a), Černý, Barták & Vaněk (2009a), Černý & Merz (2006a, 2007a), Černý & Vála (1999a), Černý, Vála & Barták (2001a), Chałańska, Łabanowski & Soika (2006a), Çikman, Beyarslan & Civelek (2006a), Ci̇velek, Çikman & Dursun (2008a), Collins (0000a), Darvas, Skuhravá & Andersen (2000a), Dempewolf (2001a), Drăghia (1967a,1968a, 1970a, 1972a, 1974a), Gil Ortiz (2009a), Guglya (2021a), Hering (1927b, 1930b, 1931f, 1954a, 1957a, 1961a, 1962a), Huber (1969a), van der Linden (1993a), Michalska (1970a, 1972a), Minkenberg & van Lenteren (1986a), Maček (1999a), Masetti, Lanzoni, Burgio & Süss (2004a), Nowakowski (1954a), Ostrauskas, Pakalniškis & Taluntytė (2003a), Papp & Černý (2018a), Popescu-Gorj & Drăghia (1968a), van Rossem ao (1966a), Sasakawa (1961a), Scheirs, De Bruyn & von Tschirnhaus (1995a), Šefrová (2015a), Shiao (2004a), Skala & Zavřel (1945a), Sønderup (1949a), Spencer (1954a, 1967a, 1972a, 1973b,c, 1976a), Starý (1930a), Süss (1979a), von Tschirnhaus (1999a), Ureche (2010a), Utech (1962a), Zoerner (1970a, 1971b).