Phytomyza calthophila Hering, 1931
on Caltha
Caltha palustris, Sweden, Öland © Cor Zonneveld
mine
Long upper-surface, parallel-sided corridor, pale green, later browned. The corridor is little contorted and hardly branching. Frass in gradually coarser grains. Pupation outside the mine; exit slit in lower epidermis (Hering, 1957a) or upper epidermis (Pakalniškis, 2004a).
host plants
Ranunculaceae, monophagous
Caltha palustris.
phenology
Larvae in May-July and August-September (Hering, 1957a).
BENELUX
BE recorded (De Bruyn & von Tschirnhaus, 1991a).
NE recorded (de Meijere, 1924a, als nigritella).
LUX not recorded (Fauna Europaea, 2008).
distribution within Europe
From Scandinavia and Finland to the Pyrenees and Czechia, and from Ireland to Lithuania and Poland (Fauna Europaea, 2008).
larva
Described by de Meijere (1926a, as nigritella); rear spiraculum strikingly large, bifid, with two long arms.
posterior spiraculum (from Nowakowski, 1962b)
puparium
The rear spiracula are illustrated by Spencer (1990a).
synonyms
Phytomyza nigritella: auct.
parasitoids, predators
notes
Mines mainly in the upper leaves.
references
Ahr (1966a), Beiger (1965a, 1970a, 1979a), Beuk (2002a), Bland (1992b, 1994b), De Bruyn & von Tschirnhaus (1991a), Buhr (1932a, 1941b, 1964a), Černý (2001a), Černý & Merz (2007a), Černý & Vála (1996a), Dreger & Myssura (2005a), Haase (1942a), Hering (1931a, 1955b, 1957a), Huber (1969a), Maček (1999a), Manning (1956a), de Meijere (1924a, 1926a, 1939a), Michalska (1970a, 1972a, 1976a), Nowakowski (1954a, 1962b), Pakalniškis (2004a), Robbins (1991a), Skala & Zavřel (1945a), Sønderup (1949a), Spencer (1954a, 1972a, 1976a, 1990a), Starke (1942a), von Tschirnhaus (1999a).