Heracleum sphondylium, Nieuwendam

mine

Long, upper-surface, frequently branched, little widening corridor; sides somewhat irregular. Often several mines in a leaf. Frass in grains that are placed close together, rarely forming short pearl chains. Pupation outside the mine, exit slit in lower epidermis. Sometime the puparium sticks to the leaf. Feeding punctures in lower epidermis.

host plants

Apiaceae, oligophagous

Astrantia; Heracleum mantegazzianum, sphondylium & subsp. sibiricum; Levisticum officinale; Pastinaca sativa.

Pakalniškis (2000a) moreover mentions Ph. pastinacae from Angelica, Cicuta virosa and Conium.

phenology

Larvae in May-June and August-September (Hering, 1957a).

BENELUX

BE recorded (De Bruyn & von Tschirnhaus, 1991a).

NE recorded (de Meijere, 1924a).

LUX recorded (Ellis: Kautenbach, Flaxweiler, Hobscheid).

distribution within Europe

spondylii: all of Europe, except the Balkan Peninsula; pastinacae: from Latvia to the Pyrenees, and from Ireland to Austria; also Portugal (Fauna Europaea, 2008).

larva

puparium

synonyms

spondylii: Phytomyza sphondylii Goureau, 1851; Ph. heraclei Kaltenbach, 1862; Ph. heracleiphaga Spencer, 19969; pastinacae: Ph. angelicella Frost, 1927.

notes

For a long time Ph. pastinacae was considered a junior synonym of spondylii, until Griffiths (1973c) discovered minute but constant differences in the male genitalia. Both species live in hogweed and parsnip, and at the moment no differences are known in the larvae, puparia or mines. Very common “species”, of which Allen (1956a) described the biology.

references

Allen (1956a,1957b), Andersen & Jonassen (1994a), Beiger (1955a, 1965a, 1970a, 1979a), Beri (1971e), Beuk (1999a), Bland (1994b), De Bruyn & von Tschirnhaus (1991a), Buhr (1932a, 1941b, 1964a), Černý (2001a, 2011a), Černý, Andrade, Gonçalves & von Tschirnhaus (2018a), Černý & Merz (2005a, 2007a), Černý & Vála (1999a), Corbet (2004a), Csóka (2003a), Drăghia (1967a), Dreger & Myssura (2005a), van Frankenhuyzen, Houtman & Kabos (1982a), Griffiths (1962a, 1973c), Haase (1942a), Hansen, Hattendorf, Wittenberg ea (2006a), Hering (1932a, 1955b, 1957a, 1967a), Huber (1969a), Kabos (1971a), Kvičala (1938a), Maček (1999a), Manning (1956a), de Meijere (1939a, 1924a, 1939a), Michalska (1970a), Nowakowski (1954a. 1962b), Ostrauskas, Pakalniškis & Taluntytė (2003a), Pakalniškis (1986a, 1990a, 1996a, 1998a, 2000a), Popescu-Gorj & Drăghia (1968a), Robbins (1991a), Rydén (1926a), Scheirs, De Bruyn & von Tschirnhaus (1996a), Scheirs, De Bruyn & Verdyck (1993a), Shepard (0000a), Skala & Zavřel (1945a), Sønderup (1949a), Spencer (1953a, 1954d, 1971a, 1972a, 1976a), Stammer (2016a), Starke (1942a), Starý (1930a), Stolnicu (2008a), Süss & Moreschi (2003a), Surányi (1942a), von Tschirnhaus (1999a)m Ureche (2010a), Utech (1962a), Zoerner (1969a, 1970a).