Pinus sylvestris, Belgium, prov. Liège, Theux © Jean-Yves Baugnée

gall

The needles in a bundle remain short and are somewhat swollen at their base; between them an orange red, generally solitary larva; univoltine; pupation in the soil.

host plants

Pinaceae, monophagous

Pinus halepensis, mugo & subsp. rotundata, nigra, pinaster, pinea, sylvestris.

larva

There is no spatula, but the papillae of this region are present (from Möhn, 1955a)

references

Barnes (1951a), Bruun (2015a), Buhr (1965a), Dauphin & Aniotsbehere (1997a), Docters van Leeuwen (1936a), Gagné (2010a), Houard (1908a), Kollár (2007a, 2011a), Lambinon, Schneider & Feitz (2001b), Redfern & Shirley (2011a), Roskam (2009a), Roskam & Carbonnelle (2015a), Simova-Tošić, Skuhravá & Skuhravý (1996a, 1997a, 2000a), Skrzypczyńska (2007a), Skuhravá & Skuhravý (1994a,b, 1999a,b, 2003a, 2005b, 2009a, 2010a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý, Blasco-Zumeta & Pujade-Villar (2006a), Skuhravá & Skuhravý (1997b), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Carbonnelle (2017a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý, Dauphin & Coutin (2005a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý, Dončev & Dimitrova (1991a, 1992a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Hellrigl (2001a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Jørgensen (2006a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Kettani (2017a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Meyer (2014a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Neacsu (1972a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý, Skrzypczyńska & Szadziewski (2008a), Skuhravý & Thuróczy (2007a), Tomasi (2003a, 2012a).