Cystiphora sonchi (Vallot, 1827)
on Sonchus
Sonchus maritimus, Noordwijk, 5.x.2019 © Arnold Grosscurt
Sonchus arvensis, Dronten, 31.viii.2011 © Arnold Grosscurt
larva in opened gall
Sonchus spec.,’s-Heer Abskerke, 24.vii.2013 © Lucien Calle: upper side and underside of the same leaf
Sonchus asper Germany (Baden-Württemberg), Baden-Weiler, 27.ix.2001
Sonchus asper, Amstelveen, 27.viii.2007: two vacated mines, lower surface
a young larva in its mine
mine
Circular, lower-surface blotch, about 5 mm in diam, often quite a number together on a leaf. Upper surface wart-like, strongly reddish discoloured, opaque. At the lower surface the mine is closed only by the epidermis. The larva is easily visible, as is its food: drops of liquid resulting from external digestion. Pupation sometimes in the mine, sometimes in the soil. At least two annual generations. Pupa in a white cocoon (Löw, 1888a).
host plants
Asteraceae, monophagous
Sonchus arvensis, asper & subsp. glaucescens, maritimus, oleraceus, tenerrimus.
phenology
Larvae from July on (Hering, 1957a); two or more generations per year, pupation of the summer generation(s) in the galls, pupation of the winter generation in the soil (Bayram, Skuhravá & Çobanoğlu (2005a).
BENELUX
BE recorded (Gosseries, 1991c).
NE recorded (de Meijere, 1939a).
LUX recorded (Lambinon, Schneider & Feitz, 2001b).
distribution within Europe
From Scandinavia to the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and Serbia, and from the UK to the Ukraine (Fauna Europaea, 2007).
larva
Initially white, later yellowish.
synonyms
Cecidomyia sonchi Vallot, 1827; Cecidomyia sonchi Löw, 1875.
notes
The biology of Cystiphora species forms a transition between the mining and galling ways of life.
references
Bayram, Skuhravá & Çobanoğlu (2005a), Beiger (1970a), Bellmann (2012a), Blanes-Dalmau, Caballero-López & Pujade-Villar (2017a), Bruun (2015a), Buhr (1941b, 1965a), Cerasa (2015a), Chinery (2011a), Cogolludo (1921a), Coulianos & Holmåsen (1991a), Dauphin & Aniotsbehere (1997a), Drăghia (1968a), Gosseries (1991c), Hering (1957a), Hellrigl (2006a), Houard (1909a), Huber (1969a), Ilie & Marinescu (2011a), Karimpour & Skuhravá (2012a), Kieffer (1888a, 1891a), Koops (2013a), Lambinon, Schneider & Feitz (2001b, 2012a), Lehmann & Hannover (2016a), Löw (1888a), Maček (2002a), de Meijere (1939a), Nijveldt & Beuk (2002a), Ostrauskas, Pakalniškis & Taluntytė (2003a), Peschken (1982a), Redfern & Shirley (2011a), Robbins (1991a), Roskam (2009a), Roskam & Carbonnelle (2015a), Schneider (2016a), Seidel (1957a), Simova-Tošić & Skuhravá (2001a), Simova-Tošić, Skuhravá & Skuhravý (1996a, 2000a, 2004a, 2007a), Simova-Tošić, Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Postolovski (2007a), Skrzypczyńska (2007a), Skuhravá, Karimpour, Sadeghi, Gol & Joghataie (2014a), Skuhravá & Skuhravý (1994a, 1997a,b, 1999a,b, 2002a, 2005c, 2006a, 2007a, 2009a,b, 2010a, 2011a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý, Blasco-Zumeta & Pujade-Villar (2006a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Buhr (2013a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Carbonnelle (2017a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý, Dauphin & Coutin (2005a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Ebejer (2002a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Hellrigl (2001a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Jørgensen (2006a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Massa (2007a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Meyer (2014a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Neacsu (1972a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý, Skrzypczyńska & Szadziewski (2008a), Sønderup (1949a), Stănescu (2009a), Sylvén (1960a), Tomasi (2003a, 2012a, 2014a).