Rhamnus cathartica Denmark © Simon Haarder

Rhamnus cathartica, France, dép. Nord, Zuydcote © Sébastien Carbonnelle: opened fruit with larva

parasitoid

gall

the lavae live in the berries, feeding on the developing seeds. Larvae one or more per berry, (pale) orange. Infected berries turn black later than healthy one; eventually they are somehwat larger and iregular, and have dark red spots. Pupation external; univoltine.

hostplants

Rhamnaceae, monophagous

Rhamnus cathartica.

references

Bruun, Haarder, Jørgensen & Skuhravá (2014a), Gagné & Jaschhof (2014a), Gassmann, Tosevski, Appleton ao (2006a), Skuhravá, Skuhravý & Meyer (2014a), Stelter (1975a).