Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood, 1856)
glasshouse whitefly
extremely polyphagous
puparium (from Malumphy, Radonjić, Hrnčić & Raičević)
adults on Cucurbita pepo © Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University
parasite
Puparia white, oval, ± 1 mm, at the undersides of the leaves. Shining marginal wax filaments.
host plants
Abutilon grandifolium; Ageratina adenophora; Ageratum; Alcea rosea; Amaranthus blitum subsp. oleraceus, cruentus; Angelica archangelica; Atropa bella-donna; Bergenia; Bidens pilosus; Bougainvillea spectabilis; Brassica; Bryonia dioica; Buddleja davidii; Callicarpa bodinieri; Canarina canariensis; Capsicum annuum; Castanea sativa; Catalpa bignonioides; Chelidonium majus; Chenopodium; Chrysanthemum; Citrullus lanatus; Convolvulus canariensis; Corylus avellana; Cucumismelo, sativus; Cucurbita ficifolia, maxima, pepo; Cyclamen; Epilobium parviflorum; Eucalyptus camaldulensis, gunnii; Euphorbia atropurpurea, balsamifera, peplus, pulcherrima; Forsskaolea angustifolia; Fraxinus excelsior; Fuchsia magellanica; Gardenia jasminoides; Gerbera jamesonii; Gossypium; Helianthus annuus; Hibiscus calyphyllus, cannabinus, rosa-sinensis, syriacus; Humulus lupulus; Hyoscyamus albus; Impatiens noli-tangere; Ipomoea batatas; Lactuca sativa, serriola; Lamium galeobdolon; Lapsana communis; Laurus nobilis; Lonicera nigra; Lycopersicon esculentum; Magnolia; Malva; Marcetella moquiniana; Medicago lupulina; Mentha aquatica, spicata; Nerium oleander; Nicotiana glauca, tabacum; Oxalis pes-caprae; Parietaria judaica; Passiflora; Paulownia tomentosa; Pelargonium; Persea americana; Phaseolus vulgaris; Philadelphus; Polygonum; Punica granatum; Rhododendron indicum; Ricinus communis; Robinia pseudoacacia; Rosa; Salix; Salvia officinalis; Sambucus nigra; Sechium edule; Solanum melongena, nigrum subsp. schultesii, tuberosum; Sonchus asper, oleraceus; Spiraea x vanhouttei; Tagetes patula; Thymus vulgaris; Tilia cordata; Tropaeolum majus;Ulmus minor subsp. canescens; Urtica dioica; Vaccinium corymbosum; Viburnum opulus.
distribution within Europe
predatoren
Black puparia are parasitised, mostly by Encarsia formosa Gahan, 1924 (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Aphelinidae). This species is employed often in the biological control in glasshouses. See also the capsid Macrolophus rubi.
notes
In temperate parts of Europe mainly indoors and in greenhouses, and there a serious pest. Escaped animals are able to build up temporary populations in free nature.
references
Bink, Bink-Moenen & Woets (1980a), Gertsson (2020a), Gómez-Menor (1944a), Gómez-Menor Ortega (1954a), Hellrigl (2004a), Hernández-Suárez, Martin, Gill ao (2012a), Huldén (1986a), Jansen (2011a), Jansen & Ivanova (2018a), Klasa & Wiśniowski (2016a), Kozár & Bink-Moenen (1988a), Kozár, Guignard, Bachmann ao (1994a), Malumphy (2010a), Malumphy & Mifsud (2012a), Malumphy, Ostrauskas & Pye (2009a, 2010b), Malumphy, Radonjić, Hrnčić & Raičević (2015a), Martin, Mifsud & Rapisarda (2000a), Mifsud (1995a), Šimala & Masten Milek (2014a), Ulusoy, Karut, Özdemi̇r, ao (2012a).