Betula pubescens, Kamspheide (Dr) © Ben van As

same leaf, underside

Betula pendula, England, Kent, Oaken Wood © Bob Dransfield & Bob Brightwell, InfluentialPoints

gall

elongate, yellowish-green, upwards bulges of the leaf between two side veins, and somewhat narrowed by secundaory veins; usually several per leaf. At the underside 1.5 mm large, black or brownish aphids. They are attended by ants.

hostplants

Betulaceae, monophagous

Betula nana x pubescens, pubescens, pendula.

synonyms

Mansakia betulina.

references

Blackman & Eastop (2014), Börner & Franz (1956a), Börner & Heinze (1957a), Buhr (1964b), Cogolludo (1921a), Dauphin & Aniotsbehere (1997a), Heie (1980a), Houard (1908a), Krzywiec (1982a), Lampel & Meier (2003a), Nieto Nafría & Mier Durante (1998a), Redfern & Shirley (2011a), Roskam (2009a), Tambs-Lyche & Heie (1994a), Tomasi (2014a).