Saissetia oleae (Olivier, 1791)
black scale
polyphagous
Nerium oleander, France, Paris, Seine, 5.ix.2021 © Pierre Duhem
detail
less often also on the leaves
female scale © Raymond Gill, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Bugwood.org
parasite
Female scales 2-6 mm, convex, dark brown to blackish, with a characteristic ornamentation; on the branches.
host plants
Abutilon; Adiantum; Agave americana; Arbutus unedo; Argyranthemum frutescens; Artemisia; Arundo donax; Asplenium; Atriplex halimus; Ballota hispanica; Casuarina; Cistus; Citrus aurantium, limon; Convolvulus floridus; Crataegus monogyna; Cycas revoluta; Cydonia oblonga; Dittrichia viscosa; Erica arborea; Euonymus japonicus; Ficus carica; Galactites tomentosus; Hedera; Hibiscus; Howea forsteriana; Ilex canariensis, perado subsp. platyphylla; Isoplexis canariensis; Laurus nobilis; Lotus berthelotii; Malva sylvestris, thuringiaca; Mangifera indica; Muehlenbeckia platyclados; Musa; Myrtus communis; Nerium oleander; Olea europaea; Persea americana; Phillyrea latifolia; Pistacia lentiscus, terebinthus; Pittosporum; Prunus armeniaca, ramburii; Punica granatum; Retama sphaerocarpa; Rhamnus crenulata, lycioides subsp. oleoides; Ricinus communis; Rosmarinus officinalis; Solanum laxum, linnaeanum, nigrum, Tamarix gallica; Vinca major.
phenology
One to three generations, depending on the climate.
distribution within Europe
synonyms
Coccus oleae.
notes
One of the main pests of olive.
references
Askew, Blasco-Zumeta & Pujade-Villar (2001a), Athanasíou & Zárpas (0000a), Boertjes, Fransen & Marissen (2003a), Carnero Hernandez & Perez Guerra (1986a), Elenis (2007a), Gomez-Menor Ortega (1948a, 1957a, 1960a, 1965a), Haber & Mifsud (2007a), Hellrigl (2004a),Kozár, Paloukis & Papadopoulos (1991a), Łagowska, Golan, Kot ao (2015a), Malumphy, Ostrauskas & Pye (2008a), Mansour, Mkaouar, Grissa Lebdi ao (2011a), Masten Milek, Šimala & Markotić (2014a), Masten Milek, Šimala, Pintar & Markotić (2017a), Mifsud, Falzon, Malumphy ao (2012a), Mifsud, Mazzeo, Russo & Watson (2014a), Seljak (2010a), Şi̇şman & Ülgentürk (2010a), Szita, Fetykó, Konczné Benedicty, ao (2017a), Ülgentürk & Dokuyucu (2019a).