Sonchus asper, Belgium, prov. Liège, Blegny © Jean-Yves Baugnée

gall

Weak swellings, up to 8 mm thick, of the stem, preferably high in the plant. The gall contains some gall chambers with a diameter of 3 mm, that are more or less coalescing. Univoltine, hibernation and pupation in the gall.

host plants

Asteraceae, narrowly monophagous

Sonchus asper.

larva

the larva is described by Gómez Sanchez (2008a).

parasitoids, predators

Eupelmus barai, vesicularis, Eurytoma aspila, centaureae, cynipsea; Homoporus subniger; Pteromalus hieracii.

references

Askew, Plantard, Gómez ao (2006a), Bowdrey (2009a), Dauphin & Aniotsbehere (1997a), Fusu (2017a), Gomez & Nieves-Aldrey (2012a), Gómez Sanchez (2008a), Nieves-Aldrey (2001a, 2004a), Nieves-Aldrey & Askew (2002a), Redfern & Shirley (2011a).