Papaver dubium, Belgium, prov. Hainaut, Erquelinnes, Grand-Reng; © Jean-Yves Baugnée

Papaver rhoeas, Belgium, prov. Luxemburg, Bomal-sur-Ourthe: old gall; © Jean-Yves Baugnée

opened gall

Papaver dubium, Stokkum (Montferland) © Arnold Grosscurt: healthy and galled fruits

vertical section of a galled and a normal fruit.

gall

the gall is a plurilocular mass, derived from the septa and seeds. Galled fruits are conspicuously swollen and disfigured.

host plants

Papaveraceae, monophagous

Papaver argemone, dubium, rhoeas, somniferum.

synonyms

Aulax papaveris; Aylax rhoeadis Bouché, 1834; “Aylax rhoedis (Klug)”: Dauphin & Aniotsbehere

predators

Eupelmus aseculatus; Idiomacromerus papaveris; Ormyrus capsalis, papaveris; Pseudotorymus papaveris; Pteromalus hieracii.

notes

Confusion is possible with Aylax minor; however, that species only weakly modifies the fruit.

references

Béguinot (2001c, 2012a), Bellmann (2012a), Buhr (1965a), Cerasa (2015a), Cerasa, lo Verde, Caleca & Massa (2015a), Chinery (2011a), Cogolludo (1921a), Coulianos & Holmåsen (1991a), Dauphin & Aniotsbehere (1997a), Eady & Quinlan (1963a), Fusu (2017a), Gómez, Hernández Nieves, Gayubo & Nieves-Aldrey (2017a), Gomez & Nieves-Aldrey (2012a), Hellrigl (2009a), Hellrigl & Bodur (2015a), Houard (1908a), Karamaouna, Samara, Kati & Mitroiu (2007a), Koops (2013a), Kwast (2012a, 2014a), Lambinon, Carbonnelle & Claerebout (2015a), Lambinon Schneider & Feitz (2012a), Melika (2006a), Melika & Karimpour (2012a), Nieves-Aldrey (1984a, 2001a), Nieves-Aldrey & Askew (2002a), Nieves-Aldrey, Gómez, Hernández Nieves & Lobo (2006a), Pujade (1986a), Pujade-Villar & Schiopu (2015a), Redfern & Shirley (2011a), Roskam (2009a), Schneider (2016a), Stojanović & Marković (2016a), Tavares (1905a), Tomasi (2014a), Zerova & Seryogina (2006a).