Fenusella nana (Klug, 1816)
on Betula (Alnus)
Betula pendula, Hungary, Mosonmagyaróvár, 24.v.2018 © László Érsek: mine, upper side
underside
mine, lighted from behind
opened mine
larva, dorsal and ventral
head and thorax, dorsal
lateral
head and thorax, ventral
abdomen end, ventral
Betula pendula, Belgium, prov. Antwerp, Mol © Carina Van Steenwinkel
the larva lies belly-up in the mine
vacated mine
unusual: two incipient mines in the same leaf
Betula, Ruinen, Echtenerzand: young mine with dead larva; © Kees Boele
Betula pubescens, Bergen NH
mine
Large blotch, starting from the leaf margin. The very first triangular part of the mine is filled with a dense mass of frass, caused by lateral movements of the larva that actually press the frass in this first mine segment. The mine seems full depth, but actually is upper-surface, albeit very deep and (fresh) only very weakly greenish. Pupation outside the mine.
host plants
Betulaceae, oligophagous
Alnus japonica; Betula ermanii, humilis, obscura, pendula, pubescens.
phenology
Larvae in June and July-August (Hering, 1957a).
BENELUX
BE recorded (Fauna Europaea, 2008).
NE recorded (van Ooststroom, 1976a).
LUX recorded (Chevin, Ellis & Schneider, 2011a).
distribution within Europe
From Scandinavia and Finland to rhe Pyrenees, Italy and Bulgaria, and from Ireland until into Russia (Fauna Europaea, 2008).
larva
synonyms
Messa, Scolioneura nana; Fenusa quercus (Cameron); Scolioneura laeta Enslin, 1918.
notes
Contrary to Fenusa pumila this species mines older, full-grown leaves in the centre of the crown (DeClerck & Shorthouse, 1985a).
references
Ahr (1966a), Altenhofer (1980a, 2003a), Blank ao (1998a), Buhr (1933a, 1941a, 1964a), Chevin, Ellis & Schneider (2011a), Csoka (2003a), DeClerck & Shorthouse (1985), Digweed, MacQuarrie, Langor ao (2009a), van Frankenhuyzen & Houtman (1972a), van Frankenhuyzen Houtman & Kabos (1982a), Haase (1942a), Haris (2009a), Hering (1931d, 1937c, 1957a), Kirichenko, Augustin & Kenis (2018a), Kollár & Hrubík (2009a), Kozlov, van Nieukerken, Zverev & Zvereva (2013a), Liston (1995b), Maček (1999a), Nowakowski (1954a), van Ooststroom (1976a), Pieronek (1962a), Pieronek & Soltyk (1993a), Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer (2000a), Robbins (1991a), Roques, Cleary, Matsiakh & Eschem (2017a), Scobiola-Palade (1974a), Skala (1951a), Skala & Zavřel (1945a), Smith (1971a), Sønderup (1949a), Stammer (2016a), Taeger, Blank & Liston (2006a), Taeger ao (1998a), Viramo (1969a), Wahlgren (1944a, 1951a, 1963a).