Epiblema cirsiana (Zeller, 1843)
knapweed bell
on thistles
parasite
The larva bores in the stem; there also the pupation.
host plants
Asteraceae, oligophagous
Arctium minus; Carduus nutans; Carlina; Centaurea nigra; Cirsium arvense, palustre, vulgare; Centaurea nigra.
phenology
Univoltien; hibernation as fully fed larva.
distribution within Europe
synonyms
Epiblema scutulana forma cirsiana.
notes
Only a study of the DNA or genitalia permits separation from E. scutulana; the information about biology and host plants therefore is unreliable.
references
Hancock & Bland (2015b), Lepiforum (2019), Murria Beltrán (2008a), Schütze (1931a).