Pinus sylvestris, Belgium, prov. Liège, Theux © Jean-Yves Baugnée

Pinus nigra, Velsen, lg Velserbeek; to judge by the branching pattern this sapling has survived infestations in earlier years.

gall

In autumn the larva hollows a bud, then hibernates, then bores in a developing shoot until summer. Damaged shoots generally die off, but when a strong shoot is involved, the leading shoot in particular, it may continue growing, resulting in a deformed, commercially useless, stem.

host plants

Pinaceae, monophagous (?)

Pinus banksiana, brutia, contorta, densiflora, halepensis, jeffreyi, mugo, muricata, nigra, pinea, pinaster, ponderosa, radiata, resinosa, sylvestris, virginiana.

Also mentioned from Abies alba, but probably only rarely on that plant.

phenology

Univoltine; hibernation als partly developed larva, in the bud.

larva

Pictures on Lepiforum; see also Swatschek.

pupa

See Patočka & Turčáni.

synonyms

Evetria buoliana.

references

Baixeras, Domínguez & Martínez (1996a), Bradley, Tremewan & Smith (1979a), Buhr (1965a), Dauphin & Aniotsbehere (1997a), Disqué (1905a), Friebe (2016a), Hancock & Bland (2015b), Huertas Dionisio (2007a), Kollár (2011a), Lepiforum (2019), Meijerman & Ulenberg (2000a), Patočka & Turčáni (2005a), Redfern & Shirley (2011a), Robbins (1991a), Roskam (2009a), Schimitschek (1955a), Schwerdtfeger (1981a), Seven, Ozdemir, Ozdemir & Bozkurt (2005a), Swatschek (1958a), Szőcs (1977a), Thomann (1956a), Thomann, Standfuss & Müller-Rutz (1913a), Tomasi (2003a, 2012a, 2014a), Žikić, Ritt, Colacci, ao (2019a).