Rhyacionia buoliana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
pine shoot
on Pinus
Pinus sylvestris, Belgium, prov. Liège, Theux © Jean-Yves Baugnée
Pinus nigra, Velsen, lg Velserbeek; to judge by the branching pattern this sapling has survived infestations in earlier years.
gall
In autumn the larva hollows a bud, then hibernates, then bores in a developing shoot until summer. Damaged shoots generally die off, but when a strong shoot is involved, the leading shoot in particular, it may continue growing, resulting in a deformed, commercially useless, stem.
host plants
Pinaceae, monophagous (?)
Pinus banksiana, contorta, halepensis, jeffreyi, mugo, nigra, pinea, pinaster, ponderosa, radiata, resinosa, sylvestris.
Also mentioned from Abies alba, but probably only rarely on that plant.
phenology
Univoltine; hibernation als partly developed larva, in the bud.
larva
Pictures on Lepiforum; see also Swatschek.
pupa
See Patočka & Turčáni.
synonyms
Evetria buoliana.
references
Baixeras, Domínguez & Martínez (1996a), Bradley, Tremewan & Smith (1979a), Buhr (1965a), Dauphin & Aniotsbehere (1997a), Disqué (1905a), Hancock & Bland (2015b), Huertas Dionisio (2007a), Kollár (2011a), Lepiforum (2019), Meijerman & Ulenberg (2000a), Patočka & Turčáni (2005a), Redfern & Shirley (2011a), Robbins (1991a), Roskam (2009a), Schimitschek (1955a), Schwerdtfeger (1981a), Swatschek (1958a), Szőcs (1977a), Thomann (1956a), Thomann, Standfuss & Müller-Rutz (1913a), Tomasi (2003a, 2012a, 2014a).