Parectopa ononidis (Zeller, 1839)
clover slender
Trifolium pratense, Lauwersoog © Gerrit Tuinstra
in the field
Trifolium repens, Belgium, prov. Liège, Tihange © Jean-Yves Baugnée
same mine, lighted from behind
Trifolium pratense, Switzerland; herbarium material, leg Sifra Corver; to the left the hole through which the larva has entered the leaf.
final mine – so small that it seems to have been made solely of the purpose of pupation.
mine
The mine begins as a tiny, lower-surface epidermal corridor. Only after the first moult the larva starts feeding on the leaf parenchyma. The first result is a corridor overlying the midrib. From here branches enter the lef disk; gradually they widen and merge, leaving in the end almost the entire leaf mined out. Almost all frass is ejected. The larva may leave its mine and make a new one elsewhere (upper picture). Pupation within the mine.
hostplants
Fabaceae, oligophagous
Ononis spinosa & subsp. procurrens; Trifolium medium, montanum, ochroleucon, pratense, repens.
The reference to Vinca herbacea by Drăghia (1970a) must be due to a mistake.
phenology
Larvae in July and, hibernating, September – April (Emmet, Watkinson & Wilson,1985a).
BENELUX
BE recorded (Phegea, 2009).
NE recorded (Kuchlein & de Vos, 1999a; Microlepidoptera.nl, 2009).
LUX not recorded (Fauna Europaea, 2009).
distribution within Europe
All of Europe, excluding Ireland and the Balkan Peninsula (Fauna Europaea, 2009).
larva
Golden or greenish yellow.
pupa
synonyms
Euspilapteryx ononidis.
notes
The mine can have a deceiving similarity to the one of Agromyza nana. However, the mine that species contains appreciable amounts of frass, when held against the light the mine appears mottled because it has full-depth sections, and the mine starts as a corridor at a random place, not at the midrib; moreover, the larva of nana is unable to start a new mine.
references
Baldizzone (2004a), Bengtsson & Johansson (2011a), Beiger (1955a), Biesenbaum (2010a), Buhr (1935b, 1937a), Buszko (1992b), Buszko & Beshkov (2004a), Deutschmann (2008a), Drăghia (1970a, 1972a), Emmet, Watkinson & Wilson (1985a), Hering (1924a, 1932g, 1957a), Huber (1969a), Huemer & Mayr (1999a), Huisman, Koster, van Nieukerken & Ulenberg (2001a), Jaworski (2009a), Kirichenko, Triberti, Mutanen ao (2016a), Klimesch (1950c, 1958c), Maček (1999a), De Prins & Steeman (2013a), Robbins (1991a), van Roosmalen, Wijker & Knijnsberg (2013a), Skala & Zavřel (1945a), Sønderup (1949a), Szőcs (1977a).