Parornix betulae (Stainton, 1854)
brown birch slender
Betula pendula, België, prov. Namur, Doische, Fond; unusual concentration of mines © Steve Wullaert
opened mine
Betula pubescens, Borne; two mines and a folded leaf margin
vacated mine
Betula pubescens, Posbank, underside
mine
The mine begins as an inconspicuous lower surface corridor, mainly recognisable by its brown line of frass. In the next larval stage a lower-surface blotch is made, that soon develops into a tentiform mine; its epidermis turns brown. Frass in a clump in a corner of the mine. After leaving the mine the larva continues feeding in a downwards folded leaf margin, that is fixed with silk.
host plants
Betulaceae, monophagous
Betula alleghaniensis, grossa, humilis, obscura, papyrifera, pendula, pubescens, nana, utilis.
phenology
bivoltine, larvae in June and September – October; hibernation as pupa (Emmet ao).
BENELUX
BE recorded (Phegea, 2009).
NE recorded (Kuchlein & de Vos, 1999a; Microlepidoptera.nl, 2009).
LUX not recorded (Fauna Europaea, 2009).
distribution within Europe
All Europe, except the Balkan Peninsula, and the Mediterranean Islands (Corley ao, 2006a; Fauna Europaea, 2009).
larva
pupa
Described by Patočka & Turčáni (2005a).
synonyms
Ornix betulae; O. scutellatella Stainton, 1854.
references
Ahr (1966a), Bachmaier (1965a), Baldizzone (2004a), Bengtsson & Johansson (2011a), Biesenbaum (2010a), Buhr (1935a, 1964a), Buszko (1992b), Buszko & Beshkov (2004a), Corley, Maravalhas & Passos de Carvalho (2006a), Csóka (2003a), Deschka & Wimmer (2000a), Deutschmann (2008a), Emmet, Watkinson & Wilson (1985a), Haase (1942a), Hartig (1939a), Heckford (1986a), Hering (1927b, 1957a), Huber (1969a), Huemer & Wiesner (1997a), Jaworski (2009a), Klimesch (1950c, 1989a), Kuchlein & Donner (1993a), Kuchlein & de Vos (1999a), Landry ao (2013a), A & Z Laštůvka (2014a), Leutsch (2011a), Maček (1999a), Nowakowski (1954a), Patočka & Turčáni (2005a), Pinzari, Pinzari & Zilli (2013a), De Prins (1998a), De Prins & Steeman (2011a), Robbins (1991a), Roques, Cleary, Matsiakh & Eschem (2017a), Schütze (1931a), Skala & Zavřel (1945a), Sønderup (1949a), Stammer (2016a), Szőcs (1977a 1981a), Viramo (1962a), Zoerner (1969a).