Betula pendula, België, prov. Namur, Doische, Fond; unusual concentration of mines; © Steve Wullaert

mine

The mine begins as an inconspicuous lower surface corridor, mainly recognisable by its brown line of frass. In the next larval stage a lower-surface blotch is made, that soon develops into a tentiform mine; its epidermis turns brown. Frass in a clump in a corner of the mine. After leaving the mine the larva continues feeding in a downwards folded leaf margin, that is fixed with silk.

host plants

Betulaceae, monophagous

Betula alleghaniensis, grossa, humilis, obscura, papyrifera, pendula, pubescens, nana, utilis.

phenology

bivoltine, larvae in June and September – October; hibernation as pupa (Emmet ao).

BENELUX

BE recorded (Phegea, 2009).

NE recorded (Kuchlein & de Vos, 1999a; Microlepidoptera.nl, 2009).

LUX not recorded (Fauna Europaea, 2009).

distribution within Europe

All Europe, except the Balkan Peninsula, and the Mediterranean Islands (Corley ao, 2006a; Fauna Europaea, 2009).

larva

pupa

Described by Patočka & Turčáni (2005a).

synonyms

Ornix betulae; O. scutellatella Stainton, 1854.

references

Ahr (1966a), Bachmaier (1965a), Baldizzone (2004a), Bengtsson & Johansson (2011a), Biesenbaum (2010a), Buhr (1935a, 1964a), Buszko (1992b), Buszko & Beshkov (2004a), Corley, Maravalhas & Passos de Carvalho (2006a), Csóka (2003a), Deschka & Wimmer (2000a), Deutschmann (2008a), Emmet, Watkinson & Wilson (1985a), Haase (1942a), Hartig (1939a), Heckford (1986a), Hering (1927b, 1957a), Huber (1969a), Huemer & Wiesner (1997a), Jaworski (2009a), Klimesch (1950c), Kuchlein & Donner (1993a), Kuchlein & de Vos (1999a), Landry ao (2013a), A & Z Laštůvka (2014a), Leutsch (2011a), Maček (1999a), Nowakowski (1954a), Patočka & Turčáni (2005a), Pinzari, Pinzari & Zilli (2013a), De Prins (1998a), De Prins & Steeman (2011a), Robbins (1991a), Roques, Cleary, Matsiakh & Eschem (2017a), Schütze (1931a), Skala & Zavřel (1945a), Sønderup (1949a), Stammer (2016a), Szőcs (1977a 1981a), Viramo (1962a), Zoerner (1969a).