Betula pendula, Susteren

Betula, Vogelenzang; egg

mine

Egg usually at the underside of the leaf. The mine is a roundish, often almost circular, primary, upper-surface blotch without a trace of an initial corridor; often several mines in leaf. The mine has a conspicuous dark centre, where the larva often retreats. Young mines consist of only the dark centre, without the light periphery (van Frankenhuyzen & de Vries, 1979a). Also the frass is accumulated here; unlike in Leucoptera malifoliella, the frass is not draped in arcs around the centre.

host plants

Betulaceae, almost monophagous

Betula ermanii, grossa, humilis, nana, obscura, pendula, pubescens.

In Finland occasionally mines have been found on Salix pentandra, but not yet reared (Johansson ao, 1990a; van Nieukerken ao, 2010a).

phenology

Mines start their development in June, and full grown larvae can be found from August till November, tawards the end in green islands (Johansson ao, 1990a).

BENELUX

BE recorded (Phegea, 2009).

NE recorded (Kuchlein & de Vos, 1999a; Microlepidoptera.nl, 2009).

LUX recorded (Ellis, Kautenbach).

distribution within Europe

Check (PESI, 2018); also Iberian Peninsula

larve

synonyms

Stigmella occultella; St. mediofasciella (Haworth, 1828); Ectoedemia, Stigmella, argentipedella (Zeller, 1839).

parasitoids, predators

Cirrospilus vittatus; ? Pnigalio agraules, soemius.

references

Ahr (1966a), Bachmaier (1965a), Bengtsson (2008a), Borkowski (1969a), Buhr (1935a, 1936a, 1964a), Buszko & Baraniak (1989a), Černý (2001a), Corley, Marabuto & Pires (2007a), Deutsch (2012a), Diškus & Stonis (2012a), Embacher & Huemer (2008a), Emmet (1971a, 1983a), van Frankenhuyzen & Houtman (1972a), van Frankenhuyzen Houtman & Kabos (1982a), van Frankenhyzen & de Vries (1979a), Gustafsson (1985a), Gustafsson & van Nieukerken (1990a), Haase (1942a), Hartig (1939a), Hering (1927b, 1957a), Huber (1969a), Johansson ao (1990a), Kasy (1985a), Klimesch (1950c, 1958c), Kollár (2007a), Kollár & Hrubík (2009a), Kozlov & Kullberg (2006a), Kozlov, van Nieukerken, Zverev & Zvereva (2013a), Kuchlein & Donner (1993a), Kuchlein & de Vos (1999a), Kurz (2016a), Kvičala (1938a), Laštůvka & Laštůvka (1997a, 2017a), Maček (1999a), van Nieukerken (1985a, 1986a, 2006a), van Nieukerken, Laštůvka & Laštůvka (2006a, 2010a), van Nieukerken, Zolotuhin & Mistchenko (2004a), Nowakowski (1954a), Plóciennik, Pawlikiewicz & Jaworski (2011a), Robbins (1991a), Schütze (1931a), Sefrová (2005a), Skala (1939a), Skala & Zavřel (1945a), Sønderup (1949a), Szőcs (1968a, 1977a, 1981a), Viramo (1962a), Wullaert (2015a), Zoerner (1969a, 1970a).