Stigmella betulicola (Stainton, 1856)
common birch pigmy
on Betula
Betula pendula, Hungary, Kimle, 28.vi.2018 © László Érsek
detail

Betula pendula, Beegde

Betula pendula, Belgium, Viroinval
mine
Egg at the underside of the leaf, close to a vein. The mine is a little widening, rather short, tortuous corridor. The first part does not encircle the egg, neither is it lower-surface.The frass line is one third to one half of the width of the corridor. The sides of the corridor are smooth, not scalloped out. Mostly several mines in a leaf, not infrequently crossing each other. Pupation external, exit slit in the lower epidermis.
host plants
Betulaceae, monophagous
Betula alleghaniensis, humilis, maximowicziana, nana, pendula, pubescens.
phenology
Larvae in July and in September – early-November (Emmet, 1983a).
BENELUX
BE recorded (Phegea, 2009).
NE recorded (Kuchlein & de Vos, 1999a; Microlepidoptera.nl, 2009).
LUX recorded (Ellis, Dudelange).
distribution within Europe
Europe, excluding the Iberian and Balkan Peninsula, and the Mediterranean Islands (Fauna Europaea, 2009).
larva
synonyms
Nepticula betulicola; Stigmella nanivora Petersen, 1930.
notes
In comparison with Stigmella luteella more frequent on seedlings (Emmet, 1983a; Johansson ao, 1990a).
references
Ahr (1966a), Anisimovas, Diškus & Stonis (2006a), Bachmaier (1965a), Bengtsson (2008a), Borkowski (1969a), Buhr (1935a, 1964a), Buszko (1992b), Černý (2001a), Diškus & Stonis (2012a), Emmet (1971a, 1983a), Gustafsson (1985a), Gustafsson & van Nieukerken (1990a), Haase (1942a), Hartig (1939a), Hering (1927b, 1932b, 1957a), Huemer (2012a), Huisman, Koster, van Nieukerken & Ulenberg (2004a), Johansson ao (1990a), Kasy (1985a), Klimesch (1948a), Kollár & Hrubík (2009a) Kozlov, van Nieukerken, Zverev & Zvereva (2013a), Kuchlein & Donner (1993a), Kuchlein & de Vos (1999a), Kurz (2016a), Z & A Laštuvka (1997a), Matošević, Pernek, Dubravac & Barić (2009a), Navickaitė, Diškus & Stonis (2011a), van Nieukerken (1986a, 2006a), van Nieukerken, A & Z Laštuvka (2006a), van Nieukerken, Zolotuhin & Mistchenko (2004a), Plóciennik, Pawlikiewicz & Jaworski (2011a), De Prins (1998a), De Prins & Steeman (2013a), Robbins (1991a), Schütze (1931a), Sefrová (2005a), Sønderup (1949a), Skala (1939a, 1951a), Skala & Zavřel (1945a), Stammer (2016a), Starý (1930a), Steuer (1995a), Szőcs (1977a, 1981a), Viramo (1962a), Wullaert (2015a), Yefremova & Kravchenko (2015a), Zoerner (1969a, 1970a).