Stigmella luteella (Stainton, 1857)
short-barred pigmy

Betula pubescens, Duin en Kruidberg

Betula pendula, Belgium, prov. Antwerp, Retie, Prinsenpark © Carina Van Steenwinkel

hypophyllous egg and first section van de mine
mine
Egg at the underside of the leaf, mostly close to a vein. The mine is a fairly slender corridor that even towards the end hardly widens. The first part consists of a some close loops around the oviposition site; this part generally is lower-surface. The later part is much less contorted, with a frass line that occupies one third to one half the width of the gallery. The sides of the corridor are irregularly scalloped out. Usually no more than one mine per leaf. Pupation external, exit slit in the lower epidermis.
host plants
Betulaceae, monophagous
Betula nana, pendula, pubescens.
phenology
Larvae from August till November (Emmet, 1983a).
BENELUX
BE recorded (Phegea, 2009).
NE recorded (Kuchlein & de Vos, 1999a; Microlepidoptera.nl, 2009).
LUX not recorded (Fauna Europaea, 2009).
distribution within Europe
Europe, with exception of the Balkan Peninsula.
larva
Larva yellow, head light brown; lies venter-upwards in the mine. the ventral ganglia are colourless, inconspicuous. See Gustafsson & van Nieukerken (1990a) for a detailed description.
synonyms
Nepticula luteella.
notes
Is more than Stigmella betulicola found on mature trees (Emmet, 1983a).
references
Ahr (1966a), Bachmaier (1965a), Bengtsson (2008a), Borkowski (1969a), Buhr (1935a, 1964a), Buszko & Baraniak (1989a), Černý (2001a), Diškus & Stonis (2012a), Emmet (1971a, 1983a), Gustafsson (1985a), Gustafsson & van Nieukerken (1990a), Haase (1942a), Hartig (1939a), Hering (1927b, 1957a), Huemer & Erlebach (2003a), Johansson ao (1990a), Klimesch (1936a, 1948a, 1950c, 1958c), Kollár & Hrubík (2009a), Kozlov & Kullberg (2010a), Kozlov, van Nieukerken, Zverev & Zvereva (2013a), Kuchlein & Donner (1993a), Kuchlein & de Vos (1999a), Kurz (2016a), Laštůvka & Laštuvka (1997a, 2005a, 2014a), Maček (1999a), van Nieukerken (1986a), van Nieukerken, Laštůvka & Laštuvka (2006a), van Nieukerken, Zolotuhin & Mistchenko (2004a), De Prins (1998a), De Prins & Steeman (2011a, 2013a), Robbins (1991a), Schütze (1931a), Sefrová (2005a), Skala (1939a, 1951a), Skala & Zavřel (1945a), Sønderup (1949a), Steuer (1995a), Szőcs (1977a), Yefremova & Kravchenko (2015a), Zoerner (1969a, 1970a).