Palirus spina-christi, Bulgaria, Varna, late August © Stéphane Claerebout

vacated mine

occupied mine, not really the “summer generation type”!

two spring mines (left) and two autumn mines; from Klimesch (1940a)

mine

At the start of the mine a semiglobular, shining egg shell. The spring generation makes a short, fairly broad corridor with a thick frass line; the mine of the summer generations is a long corridor with an extremely fine frass line.

hostplants

Rhamnaceae, monophagous

Paliurus spina-christi.

phenology

From February till October in at least two generations, that produce strongly different mines (Hering, 1957a, 1960a).

BENELUX

Not known from the Benelux countries (Fauna Europaea, 2009).

distribution within Europe

Italy, Balkan Peninsula, Ukraïne (Fauna Europaea, 2009).

larva

Amber yellow, head brownish (Klimesch, 1940a).

references

Beiger (1979a, 1980a), Buszko & Beshkov (2004a), Drăghia (1967a), Hering (1957a, 1960a), Klimesch (1940a, 1942a, 1956c, 1978b), A & Z Laštuvka (1997a, 2005a), Maček (1999a), Navickaitė, Diškus & Stonis (2014), van Nieukerken (1986a), Popescu-Gorj & Drăghia (1968a), Stonis, Navickaitė, Rocienė ao (2013a).