Plant Parasites of Europe

leafminers, galls and fungi

genus Apera

Determination table

organ mode stage main group group family parasite P G S
leafgallAcariEriophyoideaEriophyidaeAbacarus hystrix 3249
leafgallAcariEriophyoideaEriophyidaeAceria tenuis 3556
leaffreeAcariEriophyoideaEriophyidaeAculodes mckenziei2433
leafminerInsectaDipteraAgromyzidaeAgromyza nigrociliata 1111
flowergallNematodaTylenchidaAnguinidaeAnguina agrostis 1623
leafgallNematodaTylenchidaAnguinidaeAnguina graminis815
leafdownFungiAscomycotaErysiphaceaeBlumeria graminis 108218
leafminerInsectaDipteraAgromyzidaeCerodontha pygmaea3037
leafminerInsectaDipteraAgromyzidaeCerodontha superciliosa1415
leafminerInsectaDipteraAgromyzidaeChromatomyia nigra 3944
systemicborerNematodaTylenchidaAnguinidaeDitylenchus dipsaci 194318
root collarfilmFungiAscomycotaMagnaporthaceaeGaeumannomyces tritici2929
leafminerInsectaDipteraEphydridaeHydrellia griseola 3941
stemgallInsectaDipteraCecidomyiidaeLasioptera calamagrostidis 910
leafminerInsectaDipteraAgromyzidaeLiriomyza flaveola 2528
leafsaprotrophicFungiAscomycotaPhaeosphaeriaceaeNeosetophoma cerealis55
stemborerInsectaColeopteraBuprestidaeParacylindromorphus subuliformis44
leafminerInsectaDipteraAgromyzidaePseudonapomyza atra1616
leafpustuleuredinia teliaFungiBasidiomycotaPucciniaceaePuccinia arrhenatheri 312
leafpustuleuredinia teliaFungiBasidiomycotaPucciniaceaePuccinia coronata 63117
leafpustuleuredinia teliaFungiBasidiomycotaPucciniaceaePuccinia graminis 83156
leaffreesummer gen.InsectaHemiptera SternorrhynchaAphididaeRhopalosiphum padi 5786
leaffreeInsectaHemiptera SternorrhynchaAphididaeSchizaphis longicaudata44
leaffreeInsectaHemiptera SternorrhynchaAphididaeSchizaphis phlei55
leaffreeInsectaHemiptera SternorrhynchaAphididaeSchizaphis rufula99
leafleaf spotFungiAscomycotaMycosphaerellaceaeSeptoria calamagrostidis88
leaffreeInsectaHemiptera SternorrhynchaAphididaeSitobion avenae 5790
flowergallFungiBasidiomycotaTilletiaceaeTilletia separata22

Organ

the part of the plant that most conspicuously is hit by the parasite

bud: both flower buds and leaf buds
flower: also inflorescence
leaf: also needle, phyllodium, petiole
leaf bud: also unfolding young leaf
root: also root stock, runners
root collar: also the lowest part of the stem
stem: also culm, the lower part of the peduncle, in grasses also leaf sheath
systemic: the entire above-ground plant

PARASITIC MODE

borer: larva living internally, almost no outwards signs
canker: restricted area of dead plant tissue
down: 0.5-2 mm high fungal down
film: very thin cover of fungal tissue
free: free-living, vagrant
gall: swelling and/or malformation
hidden: concealed by dense webbing, leaf folds etc.
leaf spot: discoloured, often ± necrotic, generally not galled, sign of a fungus infection
miner > borer: larve initially makes a mine, lives as a borer later
pustule: plug of fungal tissue, generally brown-black and < 2 mm
saprotrophic: developing on recently dead, still identifiable, plant tissue
scale: scale insect
stripe: longitudinal line of fungal tissue in a grass leaf

COLUMNS

P: with image
G: number of genera on this website
S: number of species on this website

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IMPORTANT

The host plant spectre of a parasite is rarely known exhaustively; this applies in particular at the species level. It is advisable therefore to check at least also the list of all parasites of this genus.

 

Last modified 9.vii.2026